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International English
It is difficult to know what to expect when a language develops a worldwide presence to the extent that English has.There are no precedents for such a geographical spread or for so many speakers.Moreover,the speed at which it has all happened is unprecedented.Although the history of English can be traced back 1500 years,and world English 400 years,the current growth spurt in English as an international language has occurred over less than 100 years.
The two chief issues for most English-speaking countries are internationalism and identity.These issues raise an immediate problem because they conflict.In the case of internationalism,a nation looks out from itself at the world as a whole,and tries to define its needs in relation to the world.In the case of identity,a nation looks within itself at the structure of its society and the psychology of its people,and tries to define its needs in relation to its sense of national identity.
Internationalism implies universal intelligibility(n.可理解性,可理解之事物).If the reason for any nation wishing to promote English is to give it access to what the broader English-speaking world has to offer,then it is crucial for its people to be able to understand the English of that world,and to be understood in their turn.In short,internationalism demands an agreed standard.Cultural and linguistic deviations from an international standard must be minimized.
Identity implies individuality.If a nation wishes to preserve its uniqueness or to establish its presence,and to avoid being an anonymous ingredient in a cultural melting-pot,then it must search for ways of expressing its difference from the rest of the world.Flags,uniforms,and other such symbols will have their place,but nothing is so naturally and universally present as language.In short,in the context of English,identity demands linguistic distinctiveness – in grammar,vocabulary,spelling,pronunciation,or conventions ( 习俗,惯例) of language use.
Adapted from:Crystal,D.(1995).The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
我不太会写summary,请大家帮我写下,过两天要交
International English
It is difficult to know what to expect when a language develops a worldwide presence to the extent that English has.There are no precedents for such a geographical spread or for so many speakers.Moreover,the speed at which it has all happened is unprecedented.Although the history of English can be traced back 1500 years,and world English 400 years,the current growth spurt in English as an international language has occurred over less than 100 years.
The two chief issues for most English-speaking countries are internationalism and identity.These issues raise an immediate problem because they conflict.In the case of internationalism,a nation looks out from itself at the world as a whole,and tries to define its needs in relation to the world.In the case of identity,a nation looks within itself at the structure of its society and the psychology of its people,and tries to define its needs in relation to its sense of national identity.
Internationalism implies universal intelligibility(n.可理解性,可理解之事物).If the reason for any nation wishing to promote English is to give it access to what the broader English-speaking world has to offer,then it is crucial for its people to be able to understand the English of that world,and to be understood in their turn.In short,internationalism demands an agreed standard.Cultural and linguistic deviations from an international standard must be minimized.
Identity implies individuality.If a nation wishes to preserve its uniqueness or to establish its presence,and to avoid being an anonymous ingredient in a cultural melting-pot,then it must search for ways of expressing its difference from the rest of the world.Flags,uniforms,and other such symbols will have their place,but nothing is so naturally and universally present as language.In short,in the context of English,identity demands linguistic distinctiveness – in grammar,vocabulary,spelling,pronunciation,or conventions ( 习俗,惯例) of language use.
Adapted from:Crystal,D.(1995).The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
国际英语
这是很难知道会发生什么事情当一种语言开发了一个遍布全球的范围内,英语了.有这样一个地域范围或者使许多发言者没有先例.此外,它一直在发生的速度是前所未有的.虽然英国的历史可以追溯到一千五百年,世界英语400年,在英国目前的增长作为一种国际语言冲刺拥有不到100年发生.
大多数的两个英语国家行政问题是国际主义和身份.这些问题提出一个迫切的问题,因为他们的冲突.在国际主义的情况下,一个国家从自身查找出来的世界作为一个整体,并试图界定关系到世界的需要.在身份的情况下,一个国家在自身内部看其社会结构和人民的心理,并试图界定关系到其国民身份认同的需要.
国际主义意味着通用清晰度（注：可理解性,可理解之事物）.如果任何希望促进英语是给它提供什么更广泛的英语世界的国家所提供的理由,那么它是至关重要的人民能够了解,世界英语,并加以理解轮到自己.总之,国际主义要求商定的标准.从文化和语言的国际标准必须尽量减少偏差.
身份意味着个性.如果一个国家希望保持其独特性或设立它的存在,并避免在一个文化大熔炉匿名的成分,那么它必须寻求表达了从世界各地不同的方法.旗,制服,以及其他类似符号将有自己的位置,但没有什么是那么自然和普遍的语言文字使用现状.总之,在英语,语言的独特身份要求方面 - 在语法,词汇,拼写,发音,或语言使用约定（习俗,惯例）.
改编自：水晶,四（1995年）.该英语剑桥百科全书.剑桥：剑桥大学出版社
这是很难知道会发生什么事情当一种语言开发了一个遍布全球的范围内,英语了.有这样一个地域范围或者使许多发言者没有先例.此外,它一直在发生的速度是前所未有的.虽然英国的历史可以追溯到一千五百年,世界英语400年,在英国目前的增长作为一种国际语言冲刺拥有不到100年发生.
大多数的两个英语国家行政问题是国际主义和身份.这些问题提出一个迫切的问题,因为他们的冲突.在国际主义的情况下,一个国家从自身查找出来的世界作为一个整体,并试图界定关系到世界的需要.在身份的情况下,一个国家在自身内部看其社会结构和人民的心理,并试图界定关系到其国民身份认同的需要.
国际主义意味着通用清晰度（注：可理解性,可理解之事物）.如果任何希望促进英语是给它提供什么更广泛的英语世界的国家所提供的理由,那么它是至关重要的人民能够了解,世界英语,并加以理解轮到自己.总之,国际主义要求商定的标准.从文化和语言的国际标准必须尽量减少偏差.
身份意味着个性.如果一个国家希望保持其独特性或设立它的存在,并避免在一个文化大熔炉匿名的成分,那么它必须寻求表达了从世界各地不同的方法.旗,制服,以及其他类似符号将有自己的位置,但没有什么是那么自然和普遍的语言文字使用现状.总之,在英语,语言的独特身份要求方面 - 在语法,词汇,拼写,发音,或语言使用约定（习俗,惯例）.
改编自：水晶,四（1995年）.该英语剑桥百科全书.剑桥：剑桥大学出版社