英语翻译NOUNS.GENDER.The gender of a noun can sometimes be deduc

英语翻译
NOUNS.GENDER.
The gender of a noun can sometimes be deduced from its grammatical form.Thus,a-stems are either
masculine or neuter,while almost all ˝-stems are feminine.The i- and u-stems,as well as consonant stems
can be either masculine,neuter,or feminine.The gender of each word should therefore be learned together
with the word itself.
In the vocabularies masculine nouns of all declensions and feminine nouns of the ˝-declension will be
unmarked,while all other nouns will be marked as feminine (fem.) or neuter (neut.)
NOUNS.THE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR.VOWEL STEMS.
The texts in lessons 1-2 contain examples of the a-,˝-,i- and u-declensions.The a-declension contains
masculine and neuter nouns.There are two ˝-declensions,the common feminine ˝-declension and the
masculine ˝-declension,which contains a few proper names,among them the name of the god
Ahuramazd˝-.The i- and u-declensions contain masculine,feminine,or neuter nouns.The nominative
singular endings are:
a-declension
masc.neut.
˝-declension
masc.fem.
i-declension
masc.,fem.neut.
u-declension
masc.neut.
daha≥yu-
-ah -am -˝h -˝ -iπ (-iy) -uπ -uv daha≥y˝uπ
Examples:ar^kah “disloyal,” r˝stam “straight,” Ahuramazd˝h,Aƒur˝,pastiπ “foot-soldier,” D˝rayavahuπ
“Darius,” paruv “much.” There are no examples of the nom.of neut.i-stems in OPers.
The masc.a-,˝-,i-,and u-declensions originally (= in Indo-European) had the same ending in the
nominative singular,namely -s,as in Greek theós “god,” pístis “faith” and ikhthús “fish,” Latin dominus,
civis,sinus,but in the Indo-Iranian mother language s became h after a and ˝ but π after i or u according to
the “ruki” rule,which states that s became π after r,u,k [Iran.x],i.The Indo-Iranian forms were therefore
-ah,-˝h and -iπ,-uπ.In Old Persian the final -h was lost.
Masculine ˝-stems:
There are only three masculine ˝-stems:Ahuramazd˝-,Xπayaa≥rπ˝- (or Xπay˝rπ˝-) “Xerxes,” and
A˘rtaxπaç˝- “Artaxerxes.” Of these three Xπayaa≥rπ˝- was originally an n-stem,Xπayaa≥rπan-,and
A˘rtaxπaç˝- an a-stem.The nom.Aspacan˝h “Aspathines” is from an h-stem (Aspacanah-,see lesson 8).
Adjectives:
Most Old Persian adjectives are declined according to the a-declension in the masculine and neuter.
Feminine forms of adjectives of the a-declension are usually declined according to the ˝-declension
(exceptionally according to the ^-declension).
There are a few i- and u-stem adjectives.
The fem.noun daha≥yu- is properly an au-stem.

名词.性别.
性别的名词有时可推导出其语法形式.因此,一个源于要么
男性化或中性的,而几乎所有˝ ,茎是女性.注：i -和u -茎,以及辅音茎
可以是男性化,中性的,或女性.性别的每个字,因此应共同教训
这个词本身.
在男性名词词汇的所有declensions和女性名词的˝ ,格将
标志,而所有其他名词将被标记为女性（ fem.）或中性（ neut.）
名词.奇异的主格.元音茎.
案文中的经验教训1-2包含的例子一个,˝ -,我,和u - d eclensions.在一个格包含
男性和中性名词.有两个˝ - declensions ,共同女性˝ ,格和
男性˝ ,格,其中包含一些适当的名称,其中包括名称,神
Ahuramazd ˝ -.注：i -和u - declensions包含男性化,女性化,或中性的名词.该主格
奇异的结局是：
一个格
masc .neut .
˝ ,格
masc .有限元.
一格
masc .有限元.neut .
U型格
masc .neut .
达哈≥玉
雅-上午10:00 -˝ h - ˝- i π （- i y ）u π紫外线达哈≥y ˝ u π
例如：河^贾“不忠,”住宅˝征服“直” ,Ahuramazd ˝小时,Aƒur ˝ ,pastiπ “尺士兵的” D ˝ rayavahuπ
“大流士” ,paruv “得多.”没有任何实例的名字.的neut .一茎在OPers .
该masc .一个,˝ -,一,和u - d eclensions原来（ =在印欧语）有同样的结束
主格奇异,即比较,如在希腊上帝“神” ,pístis “信念”和ikhthús “鱼” ,拉丁美洲主,
civis ,窦,但在印度伊朗母语语成为h后a和π ˝ ,但在我或U根据
在“鲁基”的规则,其中规定,这是一种为了满足后,成为π丁口代数k [伊朗.x ]个岛印度和伊朗的形式,因此,
雅-˝ h和- i π,- u π.在旧波斯的最后小时的损失.
男性˝ ,茎：
只有三个男性˝ ,茎：Ahuramazd ˝ -,X πayaa≥ r π˝ - （或X π ay˝r π ˝- ） “薛西斯” ,并
阿˘ rtaxπaç ˝ -“阿尔塔薛西斯.”这三个X πayaa≥ r π˝ -最初是一个n干,X π ayaa≥r π an,和
阿˘ rtaxπaç ˝ -一个一个干.的名字.Aspacan ˝ H “类Aspathines ”是从一个H -干（ Aspacanah ,见教训8 ） .
形容词：
大多数老波斯语形容词都拒绝按照一个格中的男性和中性的.
女性形式的形容词的一个格通常是拒绝按照˝ ,格
（例外根据^ -格） .
有几个的i -和u -干形容词.
有限元.名词达哈≥玉,是正确的太子港干.