英语翻译Most of our thinking is bound up with words.It is an exa

英语翻译
Most of our thinking is bound up with words.It is an exaggeration to claim that there can be no thoughts without language; when we grasp the significance of traffic lights or road signals,or when we perceive,by a sudden flash of illumination,a mathematical connection or any kind of evident truth intuitively apprehended,we can certainly do without the more leisurely processes of verbal reasoning.Mathematics and symbolic logic have deliberately set task of eliminating words,with all the ambiguities attendant on them-hence when applied to linguistic or practical problems.On the whole,however,no one would contest the paramount importance of words in any king of reasoning,in what has been called “inner speech”.It is common experience that dreams quickly evaporate unless we hasten to put them into words.Very often one can only clarify and crystallize the plot of a book or a line of argument by giving it verbal expression; and psycho-analysis has shown that a subconscious bread,once clearly formulated,will automatically fall into perspective and cease to form a complex or an inhibition.On a higher level,no abstract thinking would,as we have seen,be even conceivable if the name did not give substance to the hazy mental content.
Inextricably interwoven with our thoughts,words are bound to influence them in no small measure.The extent of such influence is not easy to determine,since words are not,so to speak,“supposed” to exert it; they are trespassing beyond the limits of their appointed task by doing so.As often happens,pathological situations,by providing an exaggerated and distorted picture,help us to gain an insight into normal processes.Thanks especially to Professor Stern,philologists have derived useful information from the medical study of aphasia,i.e.speech defects due to brain injuries.Case histories of numerous speech defects due to brain injuries.Case histories of numerous patents during the First World War have furnished valuable evidence regarding the effects on thinking of a breakdown in the language machine.The leading British authority on these problems,Dr.Head,distinguishes four main types of aphasia.The first two are articulators and grammatical detects which do not directly concern us here.Nor does the single words are clearly perceived,but relations between the various items are inadequately apprehended; hence the patient’s inability to set the hands of a clock,to play chess,or to put together jig-saw puzzles.But the fourth variety,“nominal aphasia”,has a direct bearing on our problem.Patients of this group are characterized by a “disturbance of nominal significance”; in our terminology,the relation between name and sense has become loose and unstable.

我们的思考的大部分与字相关.它是夸张要求能没有没有语言的想法; 当我们抓住交通号志灯的重要性或者道路信号的时候,或当我们感觉的时候,照明的突然闪光、一个数学的连接或者任何类型的显然事实直觉地理解,我们能无疑地不用口述推论的比较悠闲程序.
数学和代号逻辑已经故意地设定除去字的工作,藉由所有的不明确随从在他们上-因此当适用于语言学或实际的问题.大致上,然而,没有人会在推论的任何国王中竞赛字的最重要重要性,在已经叫做 " 内部的演讲 " .除非我们催促把他们放入字,否则它是蒸发的做梦得很快的通常的经验.时常,一个罐子只藉由给它口述的表达澄清而且使书的情节或一条争论的线结晶; 而且精神病患-分析已经显示,潜在意识面包,一次清楚地制定,将会自动地掉入远景和停止形成一个合成物或一个禁止.在一个较高的水平上,没有抽象的思考会,因为我们已经见到,甚至想得到如果名字没有把物质给朦胧的心智内容.
逃不掉地以我们的想法交织,字得在没有小的尺寸影响他们.如此的影响力的范围不容易的决定,因为字是不,可以说," 推想 " 发挥它; 他们正在藉由这么做侵夺超过他们的被指定的工作的极限.当时常发生之时,病理的情形,藉由提供一张夸大而且扭曲照片,帮助我们得到对正常的程序洞察.尤其对尾部教授谢谢,语言学者已经源自来自失语症的医学研究的有用的数据,也就是演讲背叛由于脑受伤.情形由于脑受伤,很多演讲的历史背叛.情形很多专利权的历史在第一次世界大战期间已经关于以语言机器想到崩溃供给关于效果的有价值的证据.在这些问题上的主要的英国当局,头博士,区别四主要失语症的类型.第一个二是发音和文法的发现哪一个不直接地在这里与我们有关.单一字也没有清楚地被感觉,但是在各种不同的项目之间的关系不充分地被理解; 因此病人的无能设定时钟的手,玩西洋象棋,或放一起捷格舞-锯子的难题.但是第四个多样性," 名义上的失语症 ",有在我们的问题方面的直接的举止.这一个团体的病人有一场 " 名义上重要性的扰乱 " 的特点;在我们的用辞,名字和感觉之间的关系已经变得宽松和不稳定的.
因该是articulatory吧