英语翻译Green Chemistry:Theory and PracticeChemical Engineering

英语翻译
Green Chemistry:Theory and Practice
Chemical Engineering Progress,Sep 2000 by Alexander,Gregory
The concept of green chemistry has gained prominence in the last several years,as evidenced by the annual Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference sponsored by the American Chemical Society,and by the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award.Anastasia and Warner have written a short and useful introductory text on the subject.Their working definition of green chemistry is "...the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design,manufacture,and application of chemical products." The authors clarify the definition by listing the 12 principles of green chemistry.These,paraphrased,are:(1) minimize waste generation; (2) maximize atom economy; (3) minimize the use of toxic ingredients; (4) maximize the product efficacy/toxicity ratio; (5) minimize the use of solvents and other auxiliary substances; (6) maximize the use of renewable resources; (7) minimize energy use; (8) avoid derivitization (use of blocking groups,protection/deprotection,temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) to the lowest practical limit,since such steps can require additional reagents and generate waste; (9) use catalytic,rather than stoichiometric,reagents; (10) make products that do not persist in the environment; (11) measure and control processes for the prevention of hazardous-substance production; and (12) select raw materials and intermediates so as to minimize accidents and exposure.Several of the concepts are familiar.For example,principles Nos.3 and 4 are the tenets behind the research in formaldehyde-free and non-isocyanate cure coatings.Principle No.10 is the one behind research in biodegradable plastics.No.12 proposes that we design safety into the process from a chemistry standpoint,which is consistent with today's standard approach of engineering safety into a process.
Others are less familiar,yet obvious upon reflection.Nevertheless,implementation of these criteria is not necessarily so straightforward.Consider,for example,principle No.5.Industrial chemists and engineers typically focus on ease of processing,yield,process safety,and economics.Our training has prepared us to focus on these issues.We are rewarded for achieving positive outcomes against these metrics.Reducing or eliminating solvents as an a priori goal in developing a new product or process requires a major shift in mindset.

绿色化学：理论与实践
化学工程的进展,2000年9月由Alexander ,格雷戈里
的概念,绿色化学已取得突出在过去的几年中所证明的那样,每年绿色化学与工程会议主办the American Chemical Society上,由总统绿色化学挑战奖.美霞和华纳写了一短的和有用的介绍性的文字就此事.他们的工作的定义,绿色化学是“ … …利用了一套原则,即减少或消除使用或产生有害物质,在设计,制造,及应用化学产品” .作者澄清的定义,列出了12项原则的绿色化学.这些,paraphrased ,分别为：（ 1 ）尽量减少废物的产生; （ 2 ）最大限度的原子经济性; （ 3 ）尽量减少使用有毒成分; （ 4 ）最大限度地产品的疗效/毒性比; （ 5 ）尽量减少使用溶剂和其他辅助物质; （ 6 ）最大限度地利用可再生资源; （ 7 ）尽量减少能源的使用; （ 8 ）避免derivitization （使用阻断团体,保护/脱,临时改性的物理/化学工序）到最低的实际限制,由于这些步骤可以要求额外的试剂和产生废物; （ 9 ）使用催化,而非化学计量,试剂; （ 10 ） ,使产品不坚持在环境; （ 11 ）测量和控制过程,为预防有害物质生产及（ 12 ）选择原料及中间体,以便尽量减少意外和风险.几个概念所熟悉的.举例来说,原则,第3和4是背后的原理,研究在无甲醛和非异氰酸酯固化涂料.的原则,第10号,是一个落后的研究,在生物降解塑料.第12号建议,我们的设计到安全的过程中,从化学角度来看,这是一贯以今天的标准的做法,工程安全纳入一个过程.
其他人不太熟悉,但明显的后反思.不过,执行这些准则并不一定是这么简单.考虑,例如,原则上5号.工业化学家和工程师通常集中在易用性处理,产量,工艺安全,经济.我们的训练准备,我们把重点放在这些问题.我们是奖励取得积极成果,对这些指标.减少或消除有机溶剂作为一个先验的目标,在发展一个新的产品或工序要求的一个重大转变思维方式.