英语翻译Traditionally,rural highway location practice has been f

英语翻译
Traditionally,rural highway location practice has been field oriented,that is,the bulk of thelocation party's time and effort went to measurement and observation " on the ground."Reconnaissance of the area was the first step; the locator,using available topographic maps andsometimes an airplane,explored the area.The aim was to search out feasible routes and determinesuch primary control points as mountain passes or suitable river crossings and to locate majorobstacles such as steep slopes.Reconnaissance of feasible routes came second; each of these wascovered on foot and rough measures of relative length,difficulty,and cost were taken.Where rate ofclimb was critical,slopes were measured with an Abney hand level or some comparable instrument.Often the locator "flagged" out the line as he went to establish control points for more detailedsurveys that might follow.The third step was for the survey party to run in the preliminary or P line,or,where necessary,two or more alternate lines.Distances and angles commonly were measured bytransit and taping methods; a profile was taken by differential leveling.Topographic features andcontours often were "hung onto" the P line.In the office,after the P line data plotted,the engineerlaid out the final location or alternate locations by studying the maps and profiles.Finally this L linewas staked on the ground and profiles,cross sections,and drainage were taken for it.

过去传统的农村高速公路都是面向农田建造的,这使得大量施工队的时间和精力都花在了对土地的测量和检测上.对该土地的监测是第一步,定位系统使用可能的地质测量地图,有时还使用飞机来完成土地测量.目的是为了找出建造公路可行的路线,并且决定对于穿越山洞的基本控制点,或者合适的河流穿越路线,并且对于主要的障碍比如陡坡等进行定位.
对于可能路线进行监测是第二步.检测过程都必须采用徒步方式,对于相关的长度、难点和可能的建造成本等进行粗略估计.公路坡度角度是至关重要的,斜坡使用阿布尼手工测量工具或者其他类似工具.通常测量者先将想要建立控制点的轮廓标识出来,接下来再进行更详细的调查.
第三步是开展前期路线图绘制,或者如果有必要的话,绘制两个以上备选路线.距离和角度通常用通行或架线的方式测量,从而建立不同级别的档案.地质测量特点和等高线通常在线路图上标示出来.
在办公室里,绘制出线路图数据,工程师将最后经地图资料研究后得出的线路位置或备选线路图导出.最后公路将正式打桩建造,开展穿越建设和埋设排水系统等工作.