英语翻译The earliest reported studies of polymeric substances wh

英语翻译
The earliest reported studies of polymeric substances which may be regard as significant from the point of view expressed above were carried out by two essentially independent groups of investigators.On the one hand ,there were those concerned with the physical and chemical constitution of the natural polymers---starch,plant fibrous material (cellulose),proteins ,and rubber.The other group consisted of the synthetic organic chemists of the latter half of the nineteenth century who,through not primarily interested in polymeric substances,inadvertently came upon synthetic polymers incidental to the pursuit of other objectives.Neither group of investigators appears to have been aware of the significance with reference to the naturally occurring polymers of these occasionally reported syntheses of polymeric products.The conclusions which were reached from results obtained in each of these two fields will be examined below.
(1) Early investigation on naturally occurring polymers ( omitted)
(2) Early encounters with condensation polymers
(3) Vinyl polymers
(4) Rise of the macromolecular hypothesis
Staudinger’s opposing view that the size of the crystallite bears no relationship to the size of the polymer molecule has been largely substantiated.Thus,neither the dimensions of the unit cell nor those of the entire crystallite are related (directly at least) to the polymer chain length.A polymer molecule may pass through the many unit cells reaching from one end of crystallite to the other,then meander through an amorphous region and into another crystallite,etc.Extending the covalent structure idea one step further,Staudinger in 1929 differentiated linear from nonlinear,or network,polymers.He attributed the characteristic infusibility and insolubility of the latter to the formation of network structures of great extent.Meyer and Mark,a year earlier,had proposed that the properties of vulcanized rubber are to be accounted for by the formation of covalent crosslinkages,a view subsequently confirmed.

最早的高分子物质的研究报道,可视为重要的观点表达了上述两种基本是由独立的调查.另一方面,还有那些关心的物理和化学宪法的天然高分子化合物,植物纤维物质——-淀粉(纤维素)、蛋白质、橡胶.另一组由有机合成化学家对下半年的人,通过在十九世纪主要不感兴趣时,无意中来到聚材料合成聚合物附带其他的追求目标.研究小组也似乎已经知道的意义和借鉴的天然高分子聚合物的合成,这些偶尔报道的产品.这个结论是由结果达到上述两个领域将在下文.
(1)早期调查自然发生的聚合物(省略).
(2)早期接触凝结聚合物
(3)乙烯聚合物
(4)崛起的大分子假说
Staudinger相反的观点,是熊的大小没有关系,微晶聚合物分子的尺寸已经基本上被证实.因此,单元的尺寸或整个微晶相关(至少)直接聚合物链的长度.一种聚合物分子可以通过许多单元细胞达到从微晶到另一种无定形的蜿蜒穿过,然后到另一个地区和微晶等.扩展的共价结构主意更进一步,Staudinger 1929年由非线性、分化的线性网络、聚合物.他的特点,对后者发生infusibility网络结构的形成,很大程度上.迈耶和马克,一年之前,曾提议,硫化胶的性质是所占的份额,形成一个观点:crosslinkages随之证实.
参考资料：海词在线词典
Staudinger
施陶丁格（①姓氏 ②Hermann,1881-1965,德国化学家,曾获1953年诺贝尔化学奖）
【仅供参考】