英语翻译Oceanography has been defined as the application of all

英语翻译
Oceanography has been defined as the application of all sciences to the study of the sea.
Before the nineteenth century,scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between.Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings,but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
For most people the sea was remote,and with the exception or early intercontinental travelers or others,who earned a living from the sea there was little reason to ask many questions about it,let alone to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.The engineers had to know the depth profile of route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
It was to Maury of the U.S Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned,in 1853,for information on this matter.In the 1840s,Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Later,some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the sea.
The cable was laid,but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable.At the early attempts,the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered by living growths,a fact which defied contemporary scientfic opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
Within a few years Oceanography was under way.In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition,which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea.Their classification and analysis occupied scientists four years and led to a five volume report,the last volume being published in 1895.

海洋学被定义为对海洋所有研究的应用科学.在19 世纪之前,对海洋有兴趣的科学家是很稀少的.牛顿在他的著作里涉及了海洋学理论的一些方面,但他没有去做进一步的研究.
对多数人来说海是遥远的,而且除了一些例外或者早期的州际间旅行者或者其他从海洋中谋生的人,的确没什么原因去考虑很多关于海洋的问题.当提议建设欧美间电缆时,关于海洋的问题独独被一些商业推论回答了.工程师需要知道电缆路线的剖面深度以估算人造电缆的长度.
1853年大西洋电报公司为海底电缆提供相关信息.在19世纪40年代,美国海军Maury负责政府鼓励的调查探通北太平洋和大西洋深度的航海行动.后来,他在海洋自然地理这本书里写了航行的一些发现,唤起了人们广泛的兴趣.
电缆铺设好了,但直到1866才建立起了长久的和稳定的连接,在早期的尝试中,电缆失败了,当它被取出修理的时候发现它被海底生物覆盖了,这一发现也颠覆了当时认为在深海里没有生命的科学观点.
在一些年里人们进行着海洋学研究.自1872年Thomson领着一个科学探险队,该队持续探险了四年并带回国数以千计的海洋标本.光是针对样本的分类和分析就花费了科学家四年的时间,而且作出了一份五卷的报告,最后一卷出版于1895年.
翻译的不好,将就着看吧.