英语翻译A lingua franca (or working language,bridge language,veh

英语翻译
A lingua franca (or working language,bridge language,vehicular language) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue,in particular when it is a third language,distinct from both mother tongues.
Characteristics
"Lingua franca" is a functionally defined term,independent of the linguistic history or structure of the language:[2] though pidgins and creoles often function as lingua francas,many such languages are neither pidgins nor creoles.Whereas a vernacular language is used as a native language in a single speaker community,a lingua franca goes beyond the boundaries of its original community,and is used as a second language for communication between communities.For example,English is a vernacular in the United Kingdom,but is used as a vehicular language (that is,a lingua franca) in the Philippines.
International auxiliary languages such as Esperanto have historically had such a low level of adoption and use that they can only be described as potential rather than functioning lingua francas.
Etymology
The original Lingua Franca was a mixed language composed mostly (80%) of Italian with a broad vocabulary drawn from Turkish,French,Greek,Arabic,Portuguese and Spanish.It was in use throughout the eastern Mediterranean as the language of commerce and diplomacy in and around the Renaissance era.At that time,Italian speakers dominated seaborne commerce in the port cities of the Ottoman empire.Franca was the Italian word for Frankish.Its usage in the term lingua franca originated from its meaning in Arabic and Greek,dating from before the Crusades and during the Middle Ages,whereby all Western Europeans were called "Franks" or Faranji in Arabic and Phrankoi in Greek during the times of the late Eastern Roman EmpireThe term lingua franca is first recorded in English in 1678.
Examples
Main article:List of lingua francas
Examples of lingua francas are numerous,and exist on every continent.The most obvious example today is English.There are many other lingua francas centralized on particular regions,such as Arabic,Chinese,French,Russian and Spanish.

通用语（工作语言,衔接语言,媒介语言）是一种使具有不同母语的人们能彼此沟通的一种系统的语言.通用语更是一种第二语言,与两种母语都不同.特点：
再问： 第二句翻译不太到位，但是前面翻译的很好，后面很长慢慢翻译，不要着急，我看好你O(∩_∩)O~
再答： 特点：通用语是一种功能定义术语，从语言史或者语言结构中独立出来。虽然洋泾浜语和克里奥尔语经常具有通用语的作用，但是许多这样的语言既不是洋泾浜语也不是克里奥尔语。鉴于地方语言（或译成本土语言）是在一个单一语种团体中作为当地语言来用，通用语言超出原有的团体的限制，是用来作为第二语言，供不同的团体之间进行交流。例如，英语在英国式一种本土语言，但是在菲律宾作为一种媒介语言既通用语。国际辅助语，像世界语在历史上也有过这样低级的应用，这些辅助性语言智能被说成是潜在的语言而不是功能性通用语。语源学起初，通用语是一种混合语言，80%是意大利语，从土耳其语，发育，希腊语，葡萄牙语以及西班牙语中吸取大量的词汇。大约在文艺复兴时期，通用语在东地中海地区作为一种商业和外交语言使用。在那个时候，说意大利语的人控制着奥斯曼帝国的港口城市的海上贸易。 Franca在意大利语中是Frankish（法拉克语）的意思。它在lingua franca（通用语）中的运用源于它在阿拉伯语和希腊语中的意思，因为在东罗马帝国后期，阿拉伯语中，所有的西方欧洲人都被叫做“Franks”或者“Faranji”，在希腊语种，所有的西方欧洲人都被叫做“Phrankoi”。lingua franca（通用语）早在十字军东征之前就开始运用，直到中世纪。英语中lingua franca（通用语）的最早记录是在1687年。 例如： 主要文章：通用语清单 通用语的例子是无数的，并且各大洲都有。今天，最显著的例子就是英语。还有别的通用语集中在特定区域使用，比如阿拉伯语，中文，发育，俄语和西班牙语