英语翻译这是一篇关于统计学的文章In this chapter we shall consider data which

英语翻译
这是一篇关于统计学的文章
In this chapter we shall consider data which may be influenced by
two factors.Such data can be displayed in a two-way table,the rows
of the table corresponding to the levels of one factor and the columns
to the levels of the other factor.Typically,hypotheses about such
data relate to the presence of row and column effects (i.e.differences
in mean response among the row categories and among the column
categories) and to whether the rows and columns can be regarded as
independent' (i.e.whether the row effects are the same for each
column).
As always,before using formal statistical procedures,it is sensible to examine the data less formally both to try to determine what story the data seem to be telling and to check that any assumptions that may need to be made in the formal analysis appear reasonable.In §4.1,we shall be considering both graphical ways of displaying data and methods of adapting the tabular display so that any pattern may be determined and exceptions to the pattern detected.
In §§4.2 and 4.3 we shall be discussing the formal analysis when it can be assumed that the data are normally distributed with constant variance and the rows and columns are independent.The methods used are a natural extension of those discussed in Chapter 3.Two rather more complicated situations are considered in Chapter 5.Note that the methods of this and the next chapter are not always appropriate for two-way data.For instance,if the data are in the form of counts,then it may be appropriate to use contingency table analysis.

在这一章节,我们应该考虑数据可能会应两个因素而被影响.此类数据可以在两路的图表中表示,图表的横向对应一个因素的水平面,同时纵向对应另一个因素的水平面.具有代表性的,假设此类数据与横向,纵向效果所呈现出来的相关(横向类别之间和纵向类别之间的差异是相同的)以及是否横向和纵向能够被看作是独立的(是否横向的效果和每一个纵向是相同的).
和往常一样,在使用正式的统计程序之前,很明智的去更少的在形式上测试数据,不仅要试着测定数据要告诉我们什么情况而且要控制任何的假设这些假设可能需要被做出而他们在正式的分析上可能是合理的.在4.1节,我们应该既考虑通过绘图方式来表示数据又要采用表格式的方法来表达为了任何模式都可能是被决定需要的而且对于所侦察的模式是例外的.
在4.2节和4.3节我们应该讨论正式分析当能够被假定数据通常是分布在第五章节.记录这种方法以及下一章节中不总是适用于两路数据的.例如,如果数据是以计算的形式,那么他可能适用于(质量管理)相依表的分析.