英语翻译1.A beginningEntrepreneurship involves the identificatio

英语翻译
1.A beginning
Entrepreneurship involves the identification,evaluation,and exploitation of opportunities (Shane & Venkataraman,2000).In this sense,opportunities represent occasions to bring new products or services into existence such that individuals or organizations are able to sell new outputs at prices higher than their cost of production.(For an excellent review of opportunities and entrepreneurship,see Eckhardt & Shane,2003.) The implication,of course,in this definition is that the fundamental mission of entrepreneurial activities involves profit generation,and these profits help entrepreneurs to build personal wealth.
In recent years social entrepreneurship,a sub-discipline within the field of entrepreneurship,has gained increasing attention from entrepreneurship scholars.Social entrepreneurship involves the recognition,evaluation,and exploitation of opportunities that result in social value – the basic and long-standing needs of society – as opposed to personal or shareholder wealth (Austin,Stevenson,& Wei-Skillern,2006).Social value has little to do with profits but instead involves the fulfillment of basic and long-standing needs such as providing food,water,shelter,education,and medical services to those members of society who are in need.
A number of groups and organizations have recognized socially-oriented ventures.Fast Company,for example,recently recognized Better World Books,an organization that addresses the global literacy problem by helping fund community reading programs via sales of donated books,for outstanding social entrepreneurship.As another example,the Manhattan Institute Award for Social Entrepreneurship honors leaders who develop solutions for pressing social problems.Recently,the Manhattan Institute recognized the Houston-based Prison Entrepreneurship Program for its work providing prisoners with the skills needed to start new ventures upon their release,along with other worthy organizations.
Even some of the most renowned capitalists have embraced,and served as champions for,social entrepreneurship.Perhaps the most notable example involves Bill Gates,the founder of Microsoft.In a recent speech at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland,Mr.Gates championed a new form of capitalism:“Such a system would have a twin mission:making profits and also improving lives for those who don’t fully benefit from market forces.” (For more information on this speech,see Guth,2008,p.A1.)
In the remainder of this article,we review research in social entrepreneurship to better understand how this concept has developed over time.In so doing,we illustrate how social entrepreneurship differs from the traditional conceptualization of entrepreneurship.We also provide some ideas for future research in the domain of social entrepreneurship.

一个开始
创业涉及鉴定,评估和剥削的机会（谢恩＆ •文卡塔拉曼,2000年） .在这个意义上,代表多次机会,带来新的产品或服务的存在,例如个人或组织能够销售新产出的价格高于其生产成本.（对于一个极好的机会审查和创业精神,见Eckhardt ＆谢恩,2003年.）的含义,当然,在这个定义是,根本任务的企业活动涉及发电利润,这些利润帮助企业家建立个人财富.
近年来,社会创业精神,分学科领域内的创业精神,取得了越来越多的注意力从企业家精神的学者.创业涉及到社会的承认,评价和剥削的机会,造成社会价值-基本的和长期的社会需求-而不是个人或股东财富（奥斯汀,史蒂文森,与卫S k illern,2 0 06年） .社会价值没有什么利润,而是涉及到实现基本的和长期的需求,如提供食物,饮水,住房,教育和医疗服务的社会成员的谁是需要帮助的人.
一些团体和组织已经认识到面向社会的企业.快速公司,例如,最近更美好的世界公认的图书,一个组织,以解决全球扫盲问题,帮助社区阅读基金计划通过销售捐赠书籍,杰出的社会企业家精神.作为另一个例子,曼哈顿学院奖的社会企业家荣誉领导人谁开发解决方案的迫切的社会问题.最近,曼哈顿研究所认识到休斯顿的监狱创业计划的工作囚犯提供所需要的技能,开始新的合资企业将他们释放后,连同其他有价值的组织.
即使是一些最知名的资本家拥护,并担任冠军,社会企业家精神.也许最明显的例子涉及到比尔盖茨,在微软公司创始人.在最近的一次讲话中举行的世界经济论坛在瑞士,盖茨先生倡导一种新形式的资本主义：“这种制度将有一个双胞胎的任务：赚钱,也改善生活的人谁不充分受益于市场的力量.“ （欲了解更多有关这一讲话,见古斯,2008年,第格A1 .）
在余下的本文中,我们审查研究在社会创业精神,以更好地了解这一概念已经开发一段时间.我们这样做,说明社会创业不同于传统概念的创业精神.我们还提供了一些想法,未来的研究领域的社会企业家精神.