英语翻译1.civil engineering is a professional engineering discip

英语翻译
1.civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design and construction of the physical and natural built environment,including works such as bridges,roads,canals,dams and buildings.
2.structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings,bridges,and other structures.
3.Transverse reinforcement normally is provided in precast concrete bridge superstructures for the purpose of tying the structure together in the transverse direction.
4.the cable stay bridge,incorporating multiple stays,is a highly redundant structure where the deck acts as a continuous beam with a mumber of elastic supports with varying stiffness.
5.the length of the side spans will generally be chosen to position the cable anchorages where they can be economically constructed.
6.the design of the suspended deck structure is critical to the production of an economical overall bridge design.
7.for many years,open truss stiffening girders were the preferred solution for providing the required flexural and torsional stiffness to suspension bridge decks.
8.a streamlined box deck structure will generally consist of an orthotropic deck of conventional arrangement with longitudinal trough stiffeners supported at around 4m centres by transverse bulkheads.
9.an ideal and most desirable roadway is one that generally follows the existing natural alignment of the countryside.
10.in mountainous country,grades provide the greatest problem,and,in general,the horizontal alignment or curvature is controlled by maximum grade criteria.
11.tangent or straight sections of the highway are connected with circular curves to create a flowing and smooth alignment.
12..wide,surfaced shoulders provide a suitable,all-weather area for stopped vehicles to stand clear of the travel lanes,and they should be provided on all high-volume facilities.
13..in addition to serving as emergency parking areas,shoulders lend lateral support to the travel lane pavement structure,provide a maneuvering area,and increase sight distance on horizontal curves.
14.the subgrade is the foundation layer,the structure that must eventually support all the loads that come onto the pavement.
15.the magnitude of temperature and its fluctuations affect the properties of certain materials.

1.土木工程专业工程学科涉及的设计和施工的物理和自然环境建设,包括工程,如桥梁,公路,运河,水坝和建筑物.
2.结构工程方面的结构设计和结构分析建筑物,桥梁,和其他结构
3横向加固.通常提供预制混凝土桥梁上部结构为目的,绑在一起的结构在横向方向.
4.斜拉桥,将多个停留,是一个高度冗余结构的甲板作为连续梁的一些弹性支承变刚度.
5.边长一般会选择跨越位置,电缆固定在那里他们可以经济建设.
6.设计的悬索结构是至关重要的生产经济的总体设计.
7.在多年,开放桁架加劲梁的首选解决方案提供所需的弯曲和扭转刚度对悬索桥的桥面.
8.流线型箱甲板结构一般包括一个正交异性桥面常规安排槽纵向加劲支持约400万中心横向舱壁.
9.一个理想和最理想的道路是一个普遍遵循现有的自然调整农村.
10.in山地,成绩提供最大的问题,而且,一般来说,水平对齐或曲率是由最高等级标准.
11.铁路直线区间或直线路段的公路连接圆曲线创建流线形流畅.
12 .宽肩膀,浮出水面,提供一个合适的,全天候为车停站的车道,并应为他们提供的所有高容量的设备.
13除了作为紧急停车区,肩膀借给支持横向运行车道路面结构,提供一个机动区,并增加视距平曲线.
14.路基是基础层,结构,路面上,最终必须支持所有荷载.
15.规模温度及其波动影响性能的某些材料.