动词变ing的规则和形容词变副词的规则,有权威解析吗?

动词变ing的规则和形容词变副词的规则,有权威解析吗?

英语里动词后加+ing的规则
1．英语动词加-ing,通常是在原形词尾直接加-ing构成：cough—coughing,climb—climbing,stand—standing,fight—fighting
2．以-e结尾的动词 （1）如果动词原形以一辅音加一不发音的-e结尾,一般应去掉e再加ing：
write—writing,hope—hoping,care—caring,stare—staring,plane—plan-ing,have—having,save—saving,produce—producing,breathe—breathing
（2）以-ie结尾的动词应先将e去掉,将i变成y然后再加-ing：die—dying,tie—tying,vie—vying,lie—lying
（3）以-ee,－oe,－ye结尾的动词加-ing时应保留词尾e：see—seeing,flee—fleeing,free—freeing,agree—agreeing,hoe—hoeing,dye—dyeing,eye—eyeing
（4）以-ue结尾的动词大多应先去e再加-ing：sue—suing,imbue—imbuing,construe—construing,pursue—pursuing,rue—ruing
有时,词尾e可去掉也可保留：glue—gluing或 glueing,cue—cuing或 cueing,blue—blueing或 bluing,true—truing或trueing,clue—clueing或cluing
3．以一元音加一辅音结尾的动词
（1）如果动词最后一音节为重读闭音节,最后一个字母需要重复：run—running,stop—stopping,hop—hopping,plan—planning,star—starring,control—controlling但辅音x是个例外,无需重复（x其实起着两个辅音的作用）：tax—taxing,relax—relaxing
（2）如果动词最后一个音节为次重读音节,最后一个字母有时也重复：kidnap—kadnapping或kidnaping,program—programming或programing
（3）如果动词最后一个音节为非重读音节,最后一个字母大多无需重复：open—opening,offer—offering,audit—auditing但在有些动词中,重复或不重复均可：worship—worshiping或 worshipping,focus—focusing或 focussing,cancel—canceling或cancelling,travel—traveling或travelling
以非重读的-el结尾的动词加-ing时,英国英语习惯于重复词尾l,而美国英语则习惯于不重复l.
4．若动词以一元音加一半元音（y或w）结尾,可直接加-ing：pay—paying,throw—throwing,follow—following,draw—drawing,em－ploy—employing
5．以-ic结尾的动词应先在字母c后加一字母k再加-ing：frolic—frolicking,panic—panicking,mimic—mimicking,picnic—picnicking,traffic—trafficking
这主要是为在动词后加-ing之后保留/k/这个音.若不在字母c后加字母k而直接加-ing,字母 c的发音就不再是/k/,而是/s/
形容词变副词的规则
1.一般情况下直接加“ly”,如quick---quickly 2.以“y”结尾的,先将“y”改成“i”,再加“ly”,如happy---happily 3、少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly.例如：true-truly等.但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly.例如：polite-politely,wide-widely等.形容词变副词通常是加ly,其变化有规律可循,请记住以下口诀：一般直接加,“元e”去e加,“辅y”改i加,“le”结尾e改y.分别举例如下：quick—quickly,true—truly,happy—happily,possible—possibly.
另外：一、在形容词词尾直接加-ly.如:real-really; helpful-helpfully; careful-carefully; hopeful-hopefully; slow-slowly; quick-quickly; quiet-quietly
二、以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词要变y为i,然后再加-ly.如:busy-busily; angry-angrily; easy-easily 三、某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾和以-ue结尾的形容词要先去掉e,然后再加-y或-ly.如:terrible-terribly; true-truly; gentle-gently 另外,副词还可以由形容词加前缀a-得来,如:loud (adj.)-aloud (adv.) 此外,部分名词加后缀也可变成副词,如:part-partly.例句:It is partly her fault.有部分是她的错.需注意:friendly; motherly; lovely等词是形容词而非副词.再看转化副词.在英语中,有些词既可以作形容词,又可以作副词,如early,much,fast,little,wide,loud等.由于这类词词性虽不同,但词形却一样,这就需要大家学会在特定语境中判断它们各自的词性.例句:Thank you very much.(adv.) 多谢.There is much water in the river.(adj.) 河里有很多水.The music is too loud.Please turn it down.(adj.) 音乐声太大,请调低点.He speaks loud enough.So everyone in the room can hear what he said.(adv.) 他说话的声音很大,所以房间里每个人都能听到他的话.另外,还有一类副词和形容词词义相同,但拼写却不同,如well和good.例句He speaks good English.他讲一口流利的英语.He speaks English well.他英语讲得不错.多音节y结尾的词 将y改为i后加ly easy-easily happy-happily heavy-heavily 单音节y结尾的词 直接加ly gay-gayly (gaily) sly-slyly (slily) 以ve结尾的词 去e加ly true-truly 以le结尾的词 去e加y gentle-gently possible-possibly 其他以e结尾的词 一律加ly nice-nicely wise-wisely polite-politely 以ll结尾的词 只加y full-fully 以ic结尾的词 加ally automatic-automatically energetic-energetically 其他形容词 均加ly careful-carefully glad-gladly
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