英语翻译This study covers the world outlook for manufacturing sp

英语翻译
This study covers the world outlook for manufacturing special metalworking tools,fixtures,and cutting dies and jigs across more than 2000 cities.For the year reported,estimates are given for the latent demand,or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.),for the city in question (in millions of U.S.dollars),the percent share the city is of the region and of the globe.These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-à-vis others.Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries,latent demand estimates are created.This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand,nor specific details at the product level.The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales.The study,therefore,is strategic in nature,taking an aggregate and long-run view,irrespective of the players or products involved.
This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable,in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the cities of the world).This study gives,however,my estimates for the worldwide latent demand,or the P.I.E.for manufacturing special metalworking tools,fixtures,and cutting dies and jigs.It also shows how the P.I.E.is divided across the world’s cities.In order to make these estimates,a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.
What is Latent Demand and the P.I.E.
The concept of latent demand is rather subtle.The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant,not observable,or not yet realized.Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price,quality,and distribution,among other factors.Latent demand,therefore,is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms.It is a measure,therefore,of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if a market is served in an efficient manner.
It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms.The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain.There can be latent demand at the retail level,at the wholesale level,the manufacturing level,and the raw materials level (the P.I.E.of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E.of levels at lower levels of the same value chain,assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).

这项研究涵盖了世界观制造特殊的金属加工工具,夹具,模具和夹具和切削在超过2000个城市.本年度报告,估计得到的潜在需求,或潜在收益行业（p.i.e.）,为城市问题（百万美元）,百分之分享城市的区域和全球.这些比较的基准,使读者快速衡量一个城市可见-à可见别人.利用经济计量模型,项目基本经济动力学在每个国家和整个国家,潜在需求的估计是建立.本报告不讨论具体的球员市场服务的潜在需求,也没有具体的细节在产品水平.这项研究还没有考虑短期cyclicalities可能影响实现销售.本研究,因此,是战略性质,以聚合和长期观点,不论玩家或产品.这项研究没有报告的实际销售数据（这是根本无法使用,在一个类似的或一致的方式在几乎世界上所有的城市）.这项研究提供了,然而,我估计全球的潜在需求,或p.i.e.制造特殊的金属加工工具,夹具,模具和夹具和切削.它也显示了如何p.i.e.分世界各地的城市.为了使这些估计,多级方法是雇用,常常教课程国际战略规划在商业研究生院.什么是潜在的需求和p.i.e.这个概念是相当微妙的潜在需求.长期潜伏的通常是指处于休眠状态,不可见的,或是还没有实现.需求是一个经济概念,目标人口或市场需要不同的假设下的价格,质量,和分布,除其他因素.潜在需求,因此,一般定义的经济学家作为行业盈利的市场时,市场变得方便和有吸引力的服务竞争企业.这是一个措施,因此,潜在的收益行业（p.i.e.）或总收入（利润）如果一个市场是一个有效的方式