英语翻译As this brief review of the history of sociological thou

英语翻译
As this brief review of the history of sociological thought has demonstrated,there are many ways of approaching the study of human social interaction.The ideas of Marx,Weber,Durkheim,and others have given rise to dozens of theories about human behavior.In this section,we bring together and summarize ideas that are the foundation of the three dominant theoretical perspectives in sociology today:structural functionalism,conflict theory,and symbolic interactionism.
Structural-Functional Theory addresses the question of social organization and how it is maintained.This theoretical perspective has its roots in natural science and the analogy between society and an organism.In the analysis of a living organism,the scientist s task is to identify the various parts (structures) and to determine how they work (function).In the study of society,a sociologist with this perspective tries to identify the structures of society and how they function,hence the name structural functionalism.
The Assumptions behind Structural Functionalism
In the sense that any study of society must begin with an identification of the parts of society and how they work,structural functionalism is basic to all perspectives.Scholars who use this perspective,however,are distinguished from other social analysts by their reliance on three major assumptions:
1.Stability.The chief evaluative criterion for any social pattern is whether it contributes to the maintenance of society.
2.Harmony.As the parts of an organism work together for the good of the whole,so the parts of society are also characterized by harmony.
3.Evolution.Change occurs through evolution-the adaptation of social structures to new needs and demands and the elimination of unnecessary or outmoded structures.
Because it emphasizes harmony and adaptation,structural functionalism is sometimes called consensus theory.
Structural-Functional Analysis.A structural-functional analysis asks two basic questions:What is the nature of this social structure (what patterns exist)?What are the consequences of this social structure (does it promote stability and harmony)?In this analysis,positive consequences are called functions and negative consequences are called dysfunctions.A distinction is also drawn between manifest (recognized and intended) consequences and latent (unrecognized and unintended) consequences.
The basic strategy of looking for structures and their manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions is common to nearly all sociological analysis.Scholars from widely different theoretical perspectives use this framework for examining society.What sets structural-functional theorists apart from others who use this language are their assumptions about harmony and stability.
In 1989,the state of Virginia passed a law that made teenage driving privileges dependent on school enrollment:If you drop out of high school,you lose your driver’s license.Since then,
many other states have passed or considered the same legislation.What are the consequences of this new social structure?The manifest function (intended positive outcome) is to encourage students to stay in high school.The manifest dysfunction is to make it harder for youths to hold jobs,thus raising the unemployment rate for high school dropouts.A latent dysfunction may be that youths who are coerced into staying in school will be disruptive elements in the classroom.Another latent outcome is more difficult to classify:The new policy will have little or no effect on inner-city youth,few of whom drive or have cars.This class bias is a latent (unintended) outcome.Is it a function or a dysfunction?This is a difficult question to answer from a neutral point of view,and it is here that the assumptions behind structural-functional theory guide the analysis.文章未完，还有500字左右，字数限制，能翻译的把邮箱留下，我全部发邮件

作为这个简要回顾历史社会学的思想已经表明,有许多方法来研究人类社会互动.马克思的思想,韦伯、涂尔干、和其他人已经增加了许多关于人类行为的理论.在本节中,我们汇集和总结思想的基础的三个主要理论观点在今天:结构功能主义社会学,冲突理论,和符号互动论.

结构功能理论解决这个问题的社会组织和它是如何维护.这个理论视角扎根于自然科学与社会之间的类比和生物体.在分析一个活的有机体,科学家年代的任务是确定的各部分(结构)并确定它们是如何工作的(功能).在这项研究的社会,一个社会这个观点试图识别出结构的社会和他们如何函数,因此得名结构功能主义.

结构功能主义背后的假设
在某种意义上,任何社会的研究必须始于一种识别部分的社会和它们是如何工作的、结构功能主义基本到所有的透视图.学者使用这个角度看,然而,是区别于其他社会分析师依赖三大假设:
1.稳定性.首席评价准则对于任何社会模式是它是否有助于维护社会.
2.和谐.作为有机体的部分的利益而共同奋斗整体,所以社会的部分也具有和谐.
3.进化.改变是通过社会结构的脑子以适应新的需要和需求和消除不必要的或过时的结构.

因为它强调和谐和适应、结构功能主义有时被称为共识理论.

结构功能分析.一个结构功能分析问两个基本问题:什么是这个社会结构的本质(什么模式存在)?这样的结果是什么社会结构(它是促进稳定与和谐)?在这种分析,积极后果被称为函数和消极后果被称为功能障碍.一个区别是三者之间的清单(公认和意图的)后果和潜在的(未被认可的和意想不到的)后果.
基本的策略,寻找结构和他们的清单和潜在的功能和功能障碍是常见的,几乎所有的社会学分析.学者从不同的理论观点广泛使用这个框架,用于检查社会.什么使结构功能理论家除了那些使用这门语言是他们的假设和谐与稳定.
在1989年,维吉尼亚州通过了一项法律,使青少年驾驶特权依赖入学率:如果你从高中就辍学了,你将失去你的驾驶执照.自那时以来,

其他许多州已经通过或者认为相同的立法.这样的结果是什么新的社会结构?manifest函数(意图的积极的结果)是鼓励学生留在高中.manifest功能障碍是让年轻人更难拥有工作,从而提高失业率为高中辍学.一个潜在的障碍可能是年轻人正被迫呆在学校将是破坏性的元素在教室里.另一个潜在的结果是更难分类:新政策将有很少或没有影响城市中心区的年轻人,其中很少开车或汽车.这类偏见是一个潜在的(意外)的结果.它是一个函数或功能障碍吗?这是一个很难回答的问题,从一个中性的观点,在这里,背后的假设结构功能理论指导分析.