英语翻译Following a long literature,the preceding discussion tak

英语翻译
Following a long literature,the preceding discussion takes policies as exogenous and asks:how would economic outcomes have differed in the absence of the policies actually observed?In the same way that new growth models endogenize technical change,new political-economy models endogenize policies.One tradition – the so-called adding-machine model – takes policies as a function of the self-interest of sectors or factors of production (Moravcsik,1998; Frieden,2006).The EEC developed the CAP as one of its first accomplishments because agriculture was still an important source of employment and production in the 1950s and 1960s.Or it adopted a Social Charter enshrining the rights of workers because workers were numerous and well organized through Social Democratic parties and trade union organizations.Or it eventually mandated free capital mobility because financial capital became increasingly influential.The common element in these applications is that policies flow from the sectoral composition of activity,and the sectoral composition of activity flows from factor proportions.Thus,unless the policies of European integration have a first-order impact on,say,the capital/labour ratio,they cannot have a first-order impact on policies.

在一大堆资料之后,上述讨论把这些政策认定为外生的并提出质疑：在落实这些政策的前提下,经济产出会与没有这些政策有何不同?与新增长模型蕴涵技术变革一样,新政治经济模型包含着政策因素.一种传统说法,即所谓的加法机模型,将政策当做是生产部门或者生产要素利己功能的一种体现（Moravcsik,1998; Frieden,2006).欧洲经济共同体将共同农业政策视为其最早的成就之一,因为在五六十年代,农业依然是就业和生产的重要源泉.又如,欧共体推行保障工人权利的社会宪章是因为,工人数量众多且通过社会民主党和工会得到了很好的组织.再如,欧共体最终批准资本自由流动是因为金融资本的影响力日增.这些具体案例共同的一点是,政策源于行业活动的构成,而行业活动的构成源于要素比例的构成.因此,除非欧洲一体化的方针对,比如说资本/劳动比率,有重大的影响,否则这些方针无法对政策造成重大影响.