英语翻译Earthquakes,floods,tornadoes,hurricanes,terrorist attack

英语翻译
Earthquakes,floods,tornadoes,hurricanes,terrorist attacks and violent revolutions :they all have one thing in common :"Crisis and emergency management."
However,while most crises,especially the sudden and rupturing crises,produce emergency situations and demand urgent responses and resolutions,not all emergency situations produce crises unless neglected or mismanaged.
Crises occur at all levels and appear in all guises,some with long-term process development,others produced by sudden and unexpected events such as earthquakes and large scale terrorist attacks causing mass explosions.Hurricanes are expected with plenty of warnings,for which emergency preparedness and mitigating arrangements can be made in advance.
Crises scramble plans,interrupt continuities and brutally paralyze normal governmental operations and human lives.Crises consist of 'a short chain of events that destroy or drastically weaken' a condition of equilibrium and effectiveness of the system within a period of days,hours and even minutes.Crises test the competence of governments to respond-from leadership to all preplanned activities in management capacity that requires resources,coordination and organizational performance.Unlike process-oriented crises developing over time,sudden and chaotic crises change dynamics rapidly with unforeseen surprises and are fraught with far reaching consequences and implications.
A central feature of all crises is the sense of "urgency" and in many cases urgency becomes the most compelling crisis characteristic.Surprises characterize the dynamics of crisis situations,hence requiring 'surprise management,' a key feature of 'chaos management.
Understanding the dynamics of crises and chaotic surprises helps develop a better understanding of crisis evolution and its management.It requires serious crisis analysis,which in turn needs to go beyond a focus on human error as the origin oft he crisis.Leadership,organizational and systemic deficiencies must be diagnosed as effective approaches to crisis management.
Many organizations develop over time a culture devoid of the ability to detect environmental threats and internal deficiencies,and many crises develop as a result of managerial and leadership in competence.Public organizations are not immune from this maladaptation.Thus,crises are destructive and demand rapid emergency response with "capacity to manage" in chaotic and rapidly changing dynamics.

地震、洪水、龙卷风、飓风、恐怖袭击和暴力革命：这些事件都涉及一个共同点：危机应急管理.
虽然,大多数的危机,特别是突发的、破坏性危机,都会引发紧急的情况,需要紧急的响应和处理,但是,不是所有的紧急情况都会产生危机,除非这些紧急的情况被忽略或者对紧急情况的管理不善才会产生危机.
危机的等级和表象多种多样.一些危机是由长期的过程累积产生,一些则是由一些突发的意外事件引发的,如地震、大规模恐怖袭击导致的大规模爆炸事件.对于飓风等可以通过大量警告信息预知的危机,可以提前做好紧急准备和减缓措施.
对于日常的政府运营和人们生活来说,危机能够扰乱正常计划、干扰连续进程,使政府运营和人们生活瘫痪、麻痹.危机由一系列短期事件组成,这些事件能够在几天、几小时甚至几分钟内破坏或严重削弱系统的平衡和系统的性能.危机能够检测政府的响应能力,包括从政府的领导能力到管理能力中的预案涉及的资源、协调力和组织力.不同于面向过程的危机的发生需要一定的事件,突发的随机危机的变化时快速和动态的,它不可预知,并且整个过程充满深远的结果和影响.
所有危机的核心特征是“紧急”.在大多数情况下,紧急是大多数重大危机的属性.意外是危机的动态,因此,“混沌管理”的关键特征是“意外管理”.
理解危机的动态和混沌的意外,能够帮助更好的理解危机的演化和危机的管理体系.这需要严谨的危机分析,反过来这些危机也需要更深入的关注人为的错误.对于领导能力、组织和系统不足的诊断,将成为危机管理的有效途径.
很多组织的发展中有一段时间的文化空白期,这个空白期缺乏对环境威胁和内部不足的检测能力,由于管理能力和领导能力,从而造成很多危机的发展.公共组织也同样不能适应,因此,在混沌和快速变化的状态中,危机是破坏性的,需要快速紧急响应和管理能力.