作业帮英语翻译何为正义?柏拉图认为：“各尽其职就是正义”,乌尔比安认为：“正义就是给每个人以应有权利的稳定的永恒的意义”,凯尔
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/05/21 12:43:31
英语翻译
何为正义?柏拉图认为：“各尽其职就是正义”,乌尔比安认为：“正义就是给每个人以应有权利的稳定的永恒的意义”,凯尔森认为：“正义是一种主观的价值判断”.在这个概念上,学者们有着不同的理解,我们的概念中,正义即公平、公正.正义是法源之一,更是法的追求与归宿.
既然正义是一种主观的价值判断,一种行为、状态是否正义就涉及到三个要素：人、社会和与人直接相关的事物.人是正义反映的主体,也是评价正义的主体；社会的形成归于人的产生和结合,社会对人的分工、分配起着重要作用,个人得不到与他人平等的地位、待遇,往往归结于社会的不正义（公平）；而与人直接相关的事物,如地位、资格、自由等,其多寡优劣主导着人们的评价.在远古最原始的社会形成时,有了原始的劳动成果的分配,人们就开始了关于正义的讨论.至于何种行为与状态是正义的,用不同的标准、角度和站在不同的立场上,其观察和得出的结论往往是不同的.
美国学者罗尔斯提出了正义的两个原则,其一,是每个人对于其他人所拥有的最广泛的基本的自由体系相容的类似自由体制都应有一种平等权利；其二,是社会的和经济的不平等应这样安排,使它们（1）被合理地期望适合于每一个人的利益；而且（2）依存于地位和职务向所有人开放.罗尔斯还指出了可表示如下的更一般的正义观：“所有社会价值--自由和机会、收入和财富、自尊和基础--都要平等的分配,除非对其中一种价值或所有价值的一种不平等分配合乎每一个人的利益.”
将法律的观念从正义中解脱出来是有困难的.在媒体和一般人眼里,正义和法律的概念不断的被交叉混同,而且纯粹法学反对将法和正义相等同,主张将二者当作两个不同的问题来处理.而我个人更倾向与使二者融合,我并不赞成过分清晰的区别这两个概念.法律抛弃正义,便丧失其规范社会关系的作用；同样,正义脱离法律,就丧失了载体,仅仅只能成为“价值判断”,没有实际用途.我非常推崇凯尔森的观点,即正义作为一种主观价值判断也许为法律科学所排斥,但如果将正义理解为“合法性”,那么法律科学中就应当包括正义概念.
人们评价一部法律是否符合正义标准（合法性）时,往往是立足于这部法律是否能将社会关系调整得令所有社会成员都满意,但事实上,能够满足每个社会成员需要的法律是不可能存在的,可以说：每个人的需要不一致,需要间的相互冲突也难以避免,那些合乎正义的法律所调整的社会关系、社会秩序能达到的也只能是大多数社会成员的认可和满意.
还应当提及的便是自然法学派提出的绝对正义的概念,自然法学派主张法的二元论,认为法应分为实在法和自然法,在不完善的实在法之上,存在着完善的,绝对正义的自然法.但理性的人应当知道：这种绝对正义是不可能存在的,如同世界是可知的,人有无穷的认知能力,而世界永远不可能被完全认识,借用凯尔森的话“正义是一个人的认识所不能接近的理想.”
法律需要接受方方面面的考验,在人们寻求法律帮助时,在法律制裁罪犯时,公平是否得到维护,正义是否得到匡扶,这是法律正义性（合法性）认定的标尺,也是法律生存的土壤,法律立足正义,才能使正义的概念在法律的基础上得到升华.
何为正义?柏拉图认为：“各尽其职就是正义”,乌尔比安认为：“正义就是给每个人以应有权利的稳定的永恒的意义”,凯尔森认为：“正义是一种主观的价值判断”.在这个概念上,学者们有着不同的理解,我们的概念中,正义即公平、公正.正义是法源之一,更是法的追求与归宿.
既然正义是一种主观的价值判断,一种行为、状态是否正义就涉及到三个要素：人、社会和与人直接相关的事物.人是正义反映的主体,也是评价正义的主体；社会的形成归于人的产生和结合,社会对人的分工、分配起着重要作用,个人得不到与他人平等的地位、待遇,往往归结于社会的不正义（公平）；而与人直接相关的事物,如地位、资格、自由等,其多寡优劣主导着人们的评价.在远古最原始的社会形成时,有了原始的劳动成果的分配,人们就开始了关于正义的讨论.至于何种行为与状态是正义的,用不同的标准、角度和站在不同的立场上,其观察和得出的结论往往是不同的.
美国学者罗尔斯提出了正义的两个原则,其一,是每个人对于其他人所拥有的最广泛的基本的自由体系相容的类似自由体制都应有一种平等权利；其二,是社会的和经济的不平等应这样安排,使它们（1）被合理地期望适合于每一个人的利益；而且（2）依存于地位和职务向所有人开放.罗尔斯还指出了可表示如下的更一般的正义观：“所有社会价值--自由和机会、收入和财富、自尊和基础--都要平等的分配,除非对其中一种价值或所有价值的一种不平等分配合乎每一个人的利益.”
将法律的观念从正义中解脱出来是有困难的.在媒体和一般人眼里,正义和法律的概念不断的被交叉混同,而且纯粹法学反对将法和正义相等同,主张将二者当作两个不同的问题来处理.而我个人更倾向与使二者融合,我并不赞成过分清晰的区别这两个概念.法律抛弃正义,便丧失其规范社会关系的作用；同样,正义脱离法律,就丧失了载体,仅仅只能成为“价值判断”,没有实际用途.我非常推崇凯尔森的观点,即正义作为一种主观价值判断也许为法律科学所排斥,但如果将正义理解为“合法性”,那么法律科学中就应当包括正义概念.
人们评价一部法律是否符合正义标准（合法性）时,往往是立足于这部法律是否能将社会关系调整得令所有社会成员都满意,但事实上,能够满足每个社会成员需要的法律是不可能存在的,可以说：每个人的需要不一致,需要间的相互冲突也难以避免,那些合乎正义的法律所调整的社会关系、社会秩序能达到的也只能是大多数社会成员的认可和满意.
还应当提及的便是自然法学派提出的绝对正义的概念,自然法学派主张法的二元论,认为法应分为实在法和自然法,在不完善的实在法之上,存在着完善的,绝对正义的自然法.但理性的人应当知道：这种绝对正义是不可能存在的,如同世界是可知的,人有无穷的认知能力,而世界永远不可能被完全认识,借用凯尔森的话“正义是一个人的认识所不能接近的理想.”
法律需要接受方方面面的考验,在人们寻求法律帮助时,在法律制裁罪犯时,公平是否得到维护,正义是否得到匡扶,这是法律正义性（合法性）认定的标尺,也是法律生存的土壤,法律立足正义,才能使正义的概念在法律的基础上得到升华.
What is justice?Plato said:"The level is the best justice," the Urdu than that:"Justice is to give each person should have the right to the stability of the eternal significance" kelsen that:"Justice is a subjective value judgement." In this concept,scholars have differing interpretations,our concept of justice that is fair and just.Justice is one of the source of law,is the pursuit of law and the end result.
Since justice is a subjective value judgement,an act,whether the state justice involves three elements:people,society and the people directly related things.Justice is reflected in the main,is the main evaluation justice; attributed to the formation of social production and the integration of the social division of labor,distribution plays an important role,not individuals equal footing with others,the treatment is often attributed to social injustice (fair),and are directly related to people and things,such as the status,eligibility,freedom,and so,the amount of lead in people's quality evaluation.In ancient times the most primitive society,with the original distribution of the fruits of labor,people just started on the discussion.As to what kind of behavior and the state is just using different standards,different angles and stand on the position of its observations and conclusions are often different.
American scholar Rawls made just two principles,one is for every other person who has the most extensive system of fundamental freedoms of a free system compatibility should have an equal right and the other is the community and economic inequality should such an arrangement so that they (1) was reasonable to expect that for the interests of each individual; and (2) dependent on the status and functions are open to all.Rawls also pointed out that the following can be said that the more general concept of justice:"All social values - freedom and opportunity,income and wealth,self-esteem and infrastructure - should be equal distribution,unless one of the value or the value of all An unequal distribution line with the interests of each individual."
From the concept of legal justice is relieved difficult.In the eyes of the media and ordinary people,the concept of justice and law constantly confused by the cross,but simply opposed to the law equal to the same law and justice,as they advocated two different issues to deal with.But,I am more inclined to the integration of the two,I do not agree too clear distinction between these two concepts.Legal abandoned justice,will lose its role in regulating social relations; Similarly,the justice from the law,lost carrier,only just become a "value judgement" that has no real use.I very much respected Kaimisen the view that just as a subjective value judgement may be rejected by the scientific laws,but if justice will be interpreted as "legitimacy",then the law should be included on the scientific concept of justice.
Evaluation of people with a legal standard of justice (legitimacy),is often based on whether the law can be a readjustment of the relations of society so that all members of society are satisfied,but the fact is,every member of society to meet the needs of law not exist,it can be said:the needs of each inconsistency,the mutual need it is difficult to avoid conflicts,which are adjusted by the law of justice of the social relations and social order can only be able to reach a majority of the members of society is the recognition and satisfaction .
It should also be mentioned that the School of Natural Law in the concept of absolute justice,the School of Natural Law advocate of the dual theory,it should be divided into that of law and natural law,in the above method is imperfect,there is a complete,and absolute justice the natural law.But rational people should know:this absolute justice is not there,as the world is known,people have boundless cognitive ability,and the world will never be fully realized,borrowing Kaimisen the words "justice is a person not close to understanding the ideal."
Legal aspects of the tests need of the people to seek legal help,legal sanctions offenders,whether or not they have a fair maintenance,whether the incident justice,it is legal justice (legitimacy) that the measuring stick,the law is the survival of the soil,the law based on justice,to make the concept of legal justice on the basis of sublimation.
Since justice is a subjective value judgement,an act,whether the state justice involves three elements:people,society and the people directly related things.Justice is reflected in the main,is the main evaluation justice; attributed to the formation of social production and the integration of the social division of labor,distribution plays an important role,not individuals equal footing with others,the treatment is often attributed to social injustice (fair),and are directly related to people and things,such as the status,eligibility,freedom,and so,the amount of lead in people's quality evaluation.In ancient times the most primitive society,with the original distribution of the fruits of labor,people just started on the discussion.As to what kind of behavior and the state is just using different standards,different angles and stand on the position of its observations and conclusions are often different.
American scholar Rawls made just two principles,one is for every other person who has the most extensive system of fundamental freedoms of a free system compatibility should have an equal right and the other is the community and economic inequality should such an arrangement so that they (1) was reasonable to expect that for the interests of each individual; and (2) dependent on the status and functions are open to all.Rawls also pointed out that the following can be said that the more general concept of justice:"All social values - freedom and opportunity,income and wealth,self-esteem and infrastructure - should be equal distribution,unless one of the value or the value of all An unequal distribution line with the interests of each individual."
From the concept of legal justice is relieved difficult.In the eyes of the media and ordinary people,the concept of justice and law constantly confused by the cross,but simply opposed to the law equal to the same law and justice,as they advocated two different issues to deal with.But,I am more inclined to the integration of the two,I do not agree too clear distinction between these two concepts.Legal abandoned justice,will lose its role in regulating social relations; Similarly,the justice from the law,lost carrier,only just become a "value judgement" that has no real use.I very much respected Kaimisen the view that just as a subjective value judgement may be rejected by the scientific laws,but if justice will be interpreted as "legitimacy",then the law should be included on the scientific concept of justice.
Evaluation of people with a legal standard of justice (legitimacy),is often based on whether the law can be a readjustment of the relations of society so that all members of society are satisfied,but the fact is,every member of society to meet the needs of law not exist,it can be said:the needs of each inconsistency,the mutual need it is difficult to avoid conflicts,which are adjusted by the law of justice of the social relations and social order can only be able to reach a majority of the members of society is the recognition and satisfaction .
It should also be mentioned that the School of Natural Law in the concept of absolute justice,the School of Natural Law advocate of the dual theory,it should be divided into that of law and natural law,in the above method is imperfect,there is a complete,and absolute justice the natural law.But rational people should know:this absolute justice is not there,as the world is known,people have boundless cognitive ability,and the world will never be fully realized,borrowing Kaimisen the words "justice is a person not close to understanding the ideal."
Legal aspects of the tests need of the people to seek legal help,legal sanctions offenders,whether or not they have a fair maintenance,whether the incident justice,it is legal justice (legitimacy) that the measuring stick,the law is the survival of the soil,the law based on justice,to make the concept of legal justice on the basis of sublimation.