用英文解释the Wars of roses的时间,起因,为什么叫玫瑰战争,战争性质和影响

用英文解释the Wars of roses的时间,起因,为什么叫玫瑰战争,战争性质和影响

"War of the Roses" redirects here.For other uses,see Wars of the Roses (disambiguation).
Important locations in the Wars of the Roses[show]v • d • eWars of the Roses
1st St Albans – Blore Heath – Ludford Bridge – Northampton – Wakefield – Mortimer's Cross – 2nd St Albans – Ferrybridge – Towton – Hedgeley Moor – Hexham – Edgecote Moor – Lose–coat Field – Barnet – Tewkesbury – Bosworth Field – Stoke Field
The Wars of the Roses (1453–1487) were a series of dynastic civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York.Although armed clashes had occurred previously between supporters of Lancastrian King Henry VI and Richard,Duke of York,head of the rival House of York,the first open fighting broke out in 1455 and resumed more violently in 1459.Henry was captured and Richard became Protector of England,but was dissuaded from claiming the throne.Inspired by Henry's Queen,Margaret of Anjou,the Lancastrians resumed the conflict,and Richard was killed in battle at the end of 1460.His eldest son was proclaimed King Edward IV after winning a crushing victory at the Battle of Towton early in 1461.
After minor Lancastrian revolts were suppressed in 1464 and Henry was captured once again,Edward fell out with his chief supporter and advisor,the Earl of Warwick (known as the "Kingmaker"),who tried first to supplant him with his jealous younger brother George,and then to restore Henry VI to the throne.This resulted in two years of rapid changes of fortune,before Edward IV once again won a complete victory in 1471.Warwick and the Lancastrian heir Edward,Prince of Wales died in battle and Henry was murdered immediately afterwards.
A period of comparative peace followed,but Edward died unexpectedly in 1483.His surviving brother Richard of Gloucester first moved to prevent the unpopular family of Edward's widow,Elizabeth Woodville,from participating in government during the minority of Edward's son,Edward V,and then seized the throne for himself,using the suspect legitimacy of Edward IV's marriage as pretext.This provoked several revolts,and Henry Tudor,a distant relative of the Lancastrian kings who had nevertheless inherited their claim,overcame and killed Richard in battle at Bosworth in 1485.
Yorkist revolts flared up in 1487,resulting in the last pitched battles.Sporadic rebellions continued to take place until Perkin Warbeck,the last (and fraudulent) Yorkist pretender,was executed in 1499.
The wars were fought largely by the landed aristocracy and armies of feudal retainers,with some foreign mercenaries.Support for each house largely depended upon dynastic factors,such as marriages within the nobility,feudal titles,and tenures.It is sometimes difficult to follow the shifts of power and allegiance because nobles acquired or lost titles through marriage,confiscation or attainture.For example,the Lancastrian patriarch John of Gaunt's first title was Earl of Richmond,the same title which Henry VII later held,while the Yorkist patriarch Edmund of Langley's first title was Earl of Cambridge.However it was not uncommon for nobles to switch sides and several battles were decided by treachery.