英语翻译Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two g

英语翻译
Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events.The French Revolution broke out in 1789,and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades.World War I began in 1914.Its inception resulted from many trends in European society,culture,and diplomacy during the late 19th century.In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends,the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.
Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided.A number of basic cultural trends,including new literary styles and the spread of science,ran through the entire continent.European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction,culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871.At the same time,this was the century of growing nationalism,in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before.Finally,the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development.Changes such as the Industrial Revolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain,France,the Low Countries,Scandinavia,and,to an extent,Germany and Italy.Eastern and southern Europe,more rural at the outset of the period,changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.
Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections,but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and,even more,of larger regional differences.Some trends,including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution,ran through virtually the entire 19th century.Other characteristics,however,had a shorter life span.
Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks.Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914,an age of imperialism,is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war.Overriding these important markers,however,a simpler division can also be useful.Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution.Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged,including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments.The mid-19th century,in either formulation,looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.

19世纪欧洲的发展与件重大事件紧密相连：一是1789年爆发的法国大革命,其对欧洲大部分地区造成广泛而深远的影响长达数十年；二是1914年爆发的第一次世界大战,他的起因源于19世纪末洲社会、文化、外交等各方面的影响.在此期间,一是带来一系列新的发展趋势,二是给各国政府带来的长时间紧张的氛围在很大程度上定义了现代欧洲.
在这125年间欧洲被多次分裂割据和统一.大量的主流文化趋势包括新的文学形式和科学的广泛传播影响贯穿整个大陆.欧洲各国在外交上愈加消极,加速推进了1871年后同盟体系的形成.同时在促进的各国民族爱国主义的高速发展期间各国更加注意保护自己的同胞和建立比以前更加严谨的边防管理体制.最后,欧洲大陆在某种程度上根据不同的发展程度被划分为两个不同的区域,像工业革命和政治变革在一些西欧国家如英国,法国,和其他发展缓慢的国家和地区如斯堪的纳维亚,德国,意大利发展最快并传播迅速.在东欧和南欧偏远地区在开始发展时期变革相对缓慢.欧洲见证