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高一宾语从句和定语从句的知识,要很详细的,就跟上课一样,我上衔接班没听懂.包括还有些知识点还有特殊情况,特例等都要说出,

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高一宾语从句和定语从句的知识,要很详细的,就跟上课一样,我上衔接班没听懂.包括还有些知识点还有特殊情况,特例等都要说出,最好老师回答,
以下是以前本人在网上搜到的,加上上课老师讲的和语法书中的,然后自己总结的,留着复习用的,大概总结了半个月呢.望采纳.
1)宾语从句
定义:在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.
分类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句.
(五,七,八,九 这四个知识点重点记忆,其他的大致理解就行了)
一、宾语从句的连接词
1、从属连词
连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句, if和whether,whether...or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句.
  He told me (that )he would go to college the next year
  他告诉我他明年上大学.
  I don’t knowif there will be a bus any more.
  我不知道是否还会有公交车.
  Nobody knew whether he could pass theexam.
  没有人知道他是否会通过考试.
  2、连接代词
  连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
  Do you know who has won Red Alert Game?
  你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么?
  The book will show you what the bestCEOs should know.
  这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么.
  Have you determined whichever youshould buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
  你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗
  3、连接副词
  连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
  He didn’t’t tell me when we should meet again.
  他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.
  Could you please tell me how you usethe new panel?
  你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗
  None of us knows where these new partscan be bought.
  没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.
二、动词的宾语从句
  1.大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句
  We all expect (that )they will win, for members of theirteam are stronger.
  我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.
  He told us (that) they would help us through the whole work.
  他告诉我们在整个工作中,他们都会帮忙的.
  2.部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句
  I have found out (that) all the tickets for the concert havebeen sold out.
  我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.
  Can you work out (that)how much we will spend during the trip
  你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗
  3.动词短语也可以带宾语从句,常见的有: make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记
  Make sure that there are no mistakesin your papers before you turn them in.
  当你在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.
  4.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
  ①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
  I think it necessary that we takeplenty of hot water every day.
  我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
  I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
  我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.
  I have made it a rule that I keepdiaries.
  我每天写日记成了习惯.
  We all find it important that we(should) make a quick decision about this matter.
  我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
  ②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it,这类动词主要有:hate,take,owe,have,see,to.
  I hate it when they say with theirmouths full of food.
  我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
  He will have it that our plan isreally practical.
  他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
  We take it that you will agree withus.
  我们认为你会同意我们的.
  When you start the engine, you mustsee to it that car is in neutral.
  开启发动机时,一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
  ③若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替
  We all consider what you said to beunbelievable.
  我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
  We discovered what we had learned tobe valuable.
  我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的.
三、介词的宾语从句
  1.用if或whether之类的介词宾语从句:
  We are talking about if/whether weadmit students into our club.
  我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.
2.用that引导的介词宾语从句
3.有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句
  I know nothing about my new neighborexcept that he used to work with a company.
  对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.
四、形容词的宾语从句
  常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
  I am sure I will pass the exam.
  我确信我会通过考试.
  I am sorry that I have troubled you solong.
  很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.
  He is glad that Li Ming went to seehim when he was ill.
  他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.
五、if, whether在宾语从句中的区别
  ① if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if
  ② 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.
  ③ whether后可以直接加or not,但是if不可以.但如果构成whether…or not时,whether可用if换.
  ④ 在不定式前只能用whether.
   I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下.
  ⑤ if也有“如果”的意思,为了避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.
六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that
  1.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;
  2.当宾语从句较长时;
  3.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;
  4.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;
  5.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;
  6.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this, that做主语的定语时;
  7.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;
  8.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;
  9.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;
  10.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;
  11.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
七、宾语从句的否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.
  I don’t thinkhe will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
  我认为他不会来我的舞会.
  I don’tbelieve that man is killed by Jim, is he
  我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是
  如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.
  We find that he never listens to theteacher carefully, does he
  我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是
八、宾语从句的时态
  1.当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.
  2.当主句为过去时
  ①从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
  I only knew he was studying in awestern country, but I didn’t’t know what country he was in.
  我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.
  He asked me if I was reading the storyThe Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
  他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读.
  ②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
  He told me that he had told Mary aboutthe meeting already.
  他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary.
  ③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
  The reporter asked if the governmentwould take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
  记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
  ④如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化
  The teacher said that the moon goesaround the earth yesterday.
  老师昨天说月亮围着地球转.
⑤当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首
Who do youthink the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.
3.当主句含有情态动词could、would等用于表示请求、委婉、客气的语气时,从句不受主句的约束.
九、宾语从句的语序
1.要求使用陈述句语序.
2.当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经常将这类引导词置于句首.
Who do you think the public mightchoose as their favorite singer this year?
你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手.
2)定语从句
(三,四,五 这三个重点记忆)
一、定义: 在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中的某一名词或代词的从句, 叫做定语从句.
二、先行词: 被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词, 通常位于定语从句之前.
三、关系词:引导定语从句的词是关系代词. 关系词又分为: 关系代词和关系副词.
1.关系代词主要有: who, whom, whose, that, which …
2.关系副词主要有: when, where, why …
3.关系词主要位于先行词后和定语从句之前.
4.关系词的作用:⑴ 起连接作用. ⑵在从句中充当成分.
四、含有定语从句的结构: 先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句
⑴ 当先行词是人时, 可以由 that, who, whom 来引导. that, who, 在句中既可以作主语也可以作宾语, whom 只能在句中作宾语. Whose 在句中只能作定语.
Doyou know the girl who / that has got an “A” in the exam ?
你认识那个在考试中得”A”的女孩吗? ( who / that 在句中作主语 )
I know the girl whom / who / that youtalked to yesterday.
我认识昨天和你谈话的那个女孩. ( who / whom / that 在句中作宾语,可以互换 )
Do you know the girl whose eyes are verybig?
你认识那个眼睛大大的女孩吗?( whose 在句中作定语 )
⑵ 当先行词是物时, 可以由 which, that 来引导, 在句中主要作主语、宾语、或表语.
She got a computer which / that her parentsbought for her.
她有一台电脑, 这台电脑是她父母买给她的.(which / that 在句中作宾语 )
This is the building which / that is beingbuilt.
这就是现在正在建的那所大大厦.(which / that 在句中作主语)
⑶ 在句中作状语主要来引导时间、地点和原因. 由when, where, why 来引导.
Istill remember the day when you left for Beijing.
我仍然记得你去北京的那一天.(when 在句中作时间状语 )
This is the school where my mother works.
这就是我妈妈工作的那所学校.( where 在句中作地点状语 )
This is the reason why he was late for school.
这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因.
五、注意:下列情况下只能由that 来引导,不能用who / which来引导.
(1)当先行词是all, little, much, few, many, any, everything,something, anything, nothing, none时.
Is there anything that you don’t understand ?
你还有什么不懂的吗?
(2)当先行词被序数词(the first,the second,the last等)修饰时,或用the very,the only修饰表示物的先行词时.
He is the only person that can help you out.
他就是那个惟一可以帮你的人.
(3)当先行词是形容词、副词最高级或被形容词、副词最高级修饰时.
This is the best book I have ever read.
这就是我读过的最好的书.
(4)先行词作表语时.
(5)先行词既指人又指物时.
(6)主句是who,which开头的疑问句时.
(7)主句是There be句型修饰表示物的先行词时.
(8)主句是Here开头的句子.
再问: She got a computer which / that her parentsbought for her.这句话从句成分不缺,不应该用关系副词吗
再答: 却成分呀,看句子的从句部分,her parents bought for her,这个句子中,bought后面只有间接宾语,缺少直接宾语(buy sth for sb,双宾语),从主句可以看出是computer,所以用关系代词
再问: 3克油