英语翻译The highest degree that a student can earn is a doctorat

英语翻译
The highest degree that a student can earn is a doctorate.Some doctorates are professional degrees,as opposed to a degree based on research.Medical students,for example,receive an M.D.,from the Latin "medicinae doctor." Future lawyers receive a J.D.,for "juris" or "jurum" doctor,meaning a doctor of law or laws.
Someone with a PhD is a "doctor of philosophy." Many people earn a PhD,yet not many are philosophers.The name has survived since the Middle Ages when many areas of study were called philosophy.
Students can receive a PhD in engineering,social work,education,music,history and a lot of other areas.Requirements can differ from one university to another,and from one area of study to another.But the National Science Foundation says American doctoral education is organized around a research experience.
A PhD usually requires at least three years of full-time study after a bachelor's degree.Some people first get a master's degree,other do not.
PhD candidates must also pass special examinations and carry out original research.Students present their findings by writing a dissertation,a long paper that they have to defend before a group of experts.
Every year,the federal government collects information on research doctorates awarded in the United States.More than forty-three thousand students received a research doctorate in two thousand five,the most recent year reported.
Close to one-third of those doctorates went to foreign students in the United States on a temporary visa.The largest numbers came from China,South Korea,India,Taiwan and Canada.Most of them studied engineering,physical science or life science.
The University of Illinois awarded the largest number of doctorates to foreign students.The other universities in the top five were Purdue,Ohio State,Texas A&M and Pennsylvania State.
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译文：
一个学生所能达到的最高学位是博士学位.一些博士学位属于专业学位,另一些是通过搞研究获得的学位.例如,对于医学院学生,获得 M.D
的说法,是源于拉丁语“medicinae doctor”,意为“医学博士”.未来的律师获得 J.D的说法,是源于“juris”或“jurum”博士,意为“法学博士”
一些有着PhD头衔的博士被称为“哲学博士”,很多人都有PhD头衔,但并不是所有人都研习哲学.“哲学博士”泛指研究型博士,而这个名字
从中世纪沿用至今,是因为当时诸多领域的研究都属于哲学范畴.
工程,社会,教育,音乐,历史等很多专业的学生都有资格获得PhD.所需条件因所在大学和所研究领域的不同而不同.但美国国家科学基金会提出,美国的博士教育来自于各种各样的研究经历.
要获得一个phD头衔通常需要在得到学士学位后至少3年的全日制学习.有些人在拿到PhD前还得到硕士学位,有些则不然.
PhD候选人还必须通过专门的考试并完成自己原创的研究工作.学生通过撰写长篇的学术论文来介绍他们的研究成果,并在一群专家面前进行相
关答辩.
每年,联邦政府都会收集全国大学中获得研究成果表彰的博士的信息.据最新数据显示,2005年有超过43,000个学生获得了研究博士学位.
其中接近三分之一的博士都是通过临时签证在美国学习的外籍学生,数量最多的包括中国,韩国,印度,台湾和加拿大.他们大多数都是研究
工程学,物理科学和生命科学的.
伊利诺伊州立大学被表彰的外籍学生最多.其他同在前五的大学有,珀杜大学,俄亥俄州立大学,德州A&M大学,宾夕法尼亚州立大学.