英语翻译【关键词】中西方文化,跨文化交际.文化融合 第一:习语习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式.习语

英语翻译
【关键词】中西方文化,跨文化交际.文化融合
第一:习语
习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式.习语是广义的、包括成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等.英汉两种语言历史悠久,包含着大量的习语,它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅,不仅言简意赅,而且形象生动,妙趣横和,给人一种美的享受.由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异,英汉习语承载着不民的民族文化特色和文化信息,它们与文化传统紧密相连,不可分割.习语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点.
1、生存环境的差异
英语里面常常含有关于水和船的习语,这和英国是个岛国这个特殊的地理环境和曾经的海上霸主有关.就像我们汉族人主要生活在大陆上,水运也不怎么发达,却是个农业大国,所以就有很多关于农业方面的习语.
比喻花钱浪费,大手大脚,英语是spend
money like water,而汉语是“挥金如土”.英语中有许多关于船和水的习语,在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语,如to rest on
one’s oars（暂时歇一歇）,to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存）,all at sea（不知所措）等等.
在汉语的文化氛围中,“东风”即是“春天的风”,夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起,“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语.而英国地处西半球,北温带,海洋性气候,报告春天消息的却是西风,英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌.英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节,常与
“可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连.莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s
day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
2、习俗差异,礼仪
不同国家或者不同地区的人对待事物就有不同的认知,理解.就像世界上没有一片树叶是相同的一样.
①时间观方面的冲突
西方人的时间观和金钱观是联系在一起的,时间就是金钱的观念根深蒂固,所以它们非常珍惜时间,在生活中往往对时间都做了精心的安排和计划,并养成了按时赴约的好习惯.在西方,要拜访某人,必须事先通知或约定,并说明拜访的目的、时间和地点,经商定后方可进行.而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家,在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性,一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行,西方人对此往往感到不适应.
②客套语方面的冲突
中国人注重谦虚,在与人交际时,讲求“卑己尊人”,把这看作一种美德,这是一种富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象.在别人赞扬我们时,我们往往会自贬一番,以表谦虚有礼.西方国家却没有这样的文化习惯,当他们受到赞扬时,总会很高兴地说一声“Thank you”表示接受.由于中西文化差异,我们认为西方人过于自信,毫不谦虚；而当西方人听到中国人这样否定别人对自己的赞扬或者听到他们自己否定自己的成就,甚至把自己贬得一文不值时,会感到非常惊讶,认为中国人不诚实.

First:Phrase
The phrase is some language the unique fixed turn of expression which forms in the use process.The phrase is generalized,after the idiom,the proverb,rests the language,the literary reference and so on.The English to Chinese two language history is glorious,is containing the massive phrases,they either contain,humorous,or are serious,are elegant,is not only brief and to the point,moreover the image is vivid,wonderful interest horizontal and,for human one kind of beautiful enjoyment.As a result of aspect and so on geography,history,religious belief,life custom differences,English to Chinese phrase load bearing not people's national culture characteristic and cultural information,they and cultural tradition connect closely,inalienable.In the phrase cultural element often is in the translation difficulty.
1st,living environment difference
Inside English includes frequently about Shui Hechuan the phrase,this was the island country this special geographical environment and once marine overlord concerns with Britain.Looks like our Han Nationality people mainly to live in the mainland,water transportation not how developed,is actually the large agricultural nation,therefore has many about the agricultural aspect phrase.
The analogy spends the waste,wasteful,English is spend
money like water,but Chinese is “squanders money”.In English has many about the ship and the water phrase,in Chinese not identical corresponding phrase,like to rest on
one's oars (rest temporarily),to keep one's head above water (seeks to survive furiously),all at sea (feels helpless) and so on.
In Chinese cultural atmosphere,“the east wind” is “spring's wind”,in the summer Chang Yu cool bureau relates burning hot in together,“the red date resembles burns down,“the scorching sun” is hot” is often used for to describe summer's words and expressions.But Britain is situated at the Western Hemisphere,the North temperate zone,the marine climate,reported that spring the news is actually the westerly wind,British renowned poet Shelley "Westerly wind Praises" is precisely to spring's eulogy.Britain's summer is precisely the warm pleasant season,often with
“lovable”,“temperate”,“happy” connected.Shakespeare compares with in his sonnet the spouse the summer,Shall I compare thee to a summer's
day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
2nd,custom difference,etiquette
Different national or the different area's person treats the thing to have the different cognition,the understanding.Looks like in the world a piece of leaf has not been the same dissimilarity.
①Time view aspect conflict
Westerner's time view and the money view are relate,the time is together the money idea is ingrained,therefore they treasure the time,has often made the careful arrangement and the plan in the life to the time,and has formed the good habit which keeps an appointment on time.In the West,must visit somebody,must inform or the agreement beforehand,and explained visiting goal,time and place,after agreement only then carries on.But the Chinese belongs to the multi-direction time custom country,has the very big capriciousness in the time use,generally will not look like the westerner such strictly to carry on according to the plan,the westerner often felt regarding this will not adapt.
②Guest polite talk aspect conflict
The Chinese pays great attention modestly,when with person human relations,emphasizes “inferior oneself to revere the human”,regards as one kind of moral excellence this,this is one kind is rich in the Chinese culture characteristic politeness phenomenon.When others praise us,we from will often censure,by table modest courteous.The western nation actually does not have such cultural convention,when they receive the praise,the general meeting said very happily “Thank you” the expression accepts.As a result of China and the West cultural difference,we thought that the westerner is too self-confident,is immodest; But when the westerner hears the Chinese to deny others like this or hears them to own praise to deny own achievement,when censures oneself is not worth a red cent,will feel is surprised,thought that the Chinese is dishonest.