英语翻译1、苏联：模板的平均劳动消耗占混凝土单价的10-22%.2、日本：模板费用占施工中的费用为：拱坝47%,重力坝3

英语翻译
1、苏联：模板的平均劳动消耗占混凝土单价的10-22%.
2、日本：模板费用占施工中的费用为：拱坝47%,重力坝30%.
3、美国：模板工程占总费用的20%.
（注：日、美是对单个有代表性的坝的施工总结而得.）
由上可知：模板工程在钢筋混凝土施工中占有相当重要的作用,做好模板的结构设计和工艺设计对提高工程效益和加快施工进度是有相当的意义.
一、 四、模板的型式和结构有时能改变混凝土的浇筑工艺
传统的模板型式是采用拉条固定面板,这种结构方式妨碍入仓,混凝土拌合物的整平与捣固,妨碍面层的凿毛清理,妨碍浇筑仓面的施工准备工作,无法进行机械化作业.
悬臂模板则大大克服了传统的模板型式的缺点,在机械化施工和减少劳动消耗上呈现了很大的优势.
意大利修建阿尔卑—得热拉大坝时,采用了一种不拆除的模板（钢挡板）,由于这种模板形成了承压面,所以大幅度降低对大坝混凝土砌体的要求,取消了浇筑块间接缝的防渗,采用分层铺筑混凝土,取消施工中的工作面,（在混凝土铺完之后用专门机械切出工作缝）.
苏联在萨扬诺—舒申斯克水电站施工中架用带“锚杆”的双层悬壁模板,这种模板的支承柱不是向下伸而是向上伸出,下层模板的支承柱支撑上层模板的面板,模板的自重和混凝土的侧压力均由下层模板承受,因此每个浇筑仓至少有两层模板,这种模板只需拆除下层模板的固定螺栓.从而,减少了各浇筑层间的时间间隔,提高了浇筑速度也减少了混凝土表面的清理工作与准备工作量.
滑动模板则对混凝土浇筑速度更显示出优势和潜在的生命力,这种型式的模板除表现在时间效益（工期缩短）之外,模板本身的价格也可以降低,而且能很大程度上提高混凝土浇筑效果.
总之,不同的模板型式决定了混凝土浇筑的不同施工工艺,也对混凝土的质量和工程效益有不同的影响,如何改进模板工艺是一个重要课题.

1,the Soviet Union :the average working template for consumption of the concrete Price 10-22%.2,Japan :template cost for the construction cost of :arch dam 47%,30% gravity dam.3,United States :template cent of the total project cost of 20%.(Note :Japan,the United States is the single representative of the dam construction summary obtained.) From the result :template works in reinforced concrete construction plays an important role.Templates do the structural design and process engineering design to improve efficiency and speed up the construction progress is a considerable significance.1,4,template patterns and sometimes change the structure of the concrete pouring of the traditional template type is the widening of the fixed panel.This structure methods to hinder depot and fresh concrete for the entire peace and tamping impede layer chiseling cleared pouring deck hinder the preparatory work,not for mechanized operation.Cantilever template is greatly overcome the traditional shortcomings of the form template,the mechanized construction and consumption,reduce labor has a lot of advantages.Italy built Belcher Al-Rafah in the heat dam,using a template is not removed (steel baffle) This template formed a surface pressure,a significant reduction in the dam concrete masonry requirements,abolition of the block pouring indirectly linking the impermeable,concrete paving stratified,canceled construction of face,(After the concrete pavements using specialized machinery work cut out joints).Sayan the Soviet Union in Connaught-Yu Shen 1949 Hydropower Construction-use zone "anchor" for a double cantilever template,This template supports column is not upward but downward extension protruding lower template supporting columns supporting the upper template panel Template dignity and concrete were lower lateral pressure to bear template,each pouring at least two positions,templates This template can remove the template lower fixed bolts.Thus,a reduction of the level of pouring time interval,improve the speed reduction pouring of the concrete surface cleaning and preparation work.Sliding template of concrete poured more speed advantages demonstrated the vitality and potential,This type of template in addition to the performance benefits of time (to shorten the construction period),the template can also reduce prices,and will significantly increase the effect of pouring concrete.In short,the different types of templates decision of the concrete pouring of different construction technology,Concrete also the quality and effectiveness of the project have different effects,and how to improve template technology is an important issue.