英语翻译这两篇文章地址!翻译下中文

英语翻译
这两篇文章地址!翻译下中文

The Game of the Name
By Peter Farb
Here comes John Smith walking toward me. Even though he is but a passing acquaintance, the American greeting ritual demands that I utter a few words to reassure him of my good will. But what form of address should I use? John? Smith? Dr. Smith? A decision such as this is usually made unconsciously.
名字的游戏 作者peter Farb
约翰史密斯朝我走来,虽然他只是经过的陌生人,由于美国问候礼仪的要求,我要向他打招呼表明我的善意.但是我应该用哪种称呼呢?约翰（名字）?史密斯（姓）?史密斯医生?经常是无意识中作出了决定.
As native speakers in the American speech community, we have grown up learning the rules of address at the same time that we were acquiring the grammatical rules of American-English. At first thought, it might seem a trivial pursuit to examine the ways in which we address one another. But forms of address reveal many assumptions we make about members of our speech community.
在美语环境中的,我们以英语为母语,从小到大我们学习了语法规则的同时也学习了称呼的规则.刚开始的时候,对于我们称呼别人不同的方式所代表的含义可能还比较难于理解.但是称谓的形式表明了我们对彼此身份的设定.
Our initial decision about the appropriate address form is based on relative ages. If the person being addressed is a child, then almost all the rules that we have unconsciously assimilated can safely be ignored, and we use the simple formula First Name. The child, in turn, addresses an adult by using the formula Title plus Last Name (TLN).
我们首先根据相对的年龄来采用不同的称谓.如果对方是小孩,我们就不会太在意称谓了,我们就用他的名字称呼他,而小孩子对大人则采用 称呼+姓氏
But defining a“child”is not always easy. I address my son's roommate at college by Uneven though he is an adult under the law. I, too, have the relative age of a child to a 75-year-old acquaintance who calls me Pete.
但是怎么对孩子定义呢,这又是个难题.我叫我儿子的大学室友Uneven(名字) 虽然他已经成人了.相对于75岁的人来说我也算是个孩子,那样的话我就被叫做pete.
Let us assume that John Smith is not a child who can be addressed by FN but is either my contemporary or my elder. The next important determiner for the form of address will then be the speech situation.
假设John Smith 既不是小孩也不是和我同辈或是比我大,那么另一个决定称谓的重要因素就是说话的情境.
If the situation is a formal one, then I must disregard all other rules and use social Identity plus Last Name. John Smith will always be addressed as Dr. Smith (or sometimes simply as Doctor, with Last Name understood) in the medical setting of office or hospital.(I am allowed to call him if my status is at least as high as his or if we are friends outside of our social roles, but the rest of my utterance must remain respectful.)
如果是正式的场合,那么我就要不管其他规则,而用他的社会身份加上他的姓氏.在医疗办公室或者医院里约翰就会被称作 史密斯医生（或者只是医生）.我只有在身份不低于他或者我们私下是朋友时我才可以叫他的名字,其他情况我对他的用语必须表示尊敬.
We are also obliged to address certain other people by their social Identity in formal situation: public officials (Congressman: Your Honor),educators (Professor or Doctor),leaders of meetings (Mr. Chairman),Roman Catholic priests (Father Daffy) and nuns (Sister Anna),and so forth. By the way, note the sexist distinction in the formulas for priests and nuns. The formula for a priest is Father plus Last Name, but for a nun it is Sister plus Religious Name (usually an FN).
在正式的场合,我们也应该用社会身份来称呼某些特定的人.像公共官员（国会议员要叫 your honor,阁下）教育者（教授或者博士）,会议主持（主席先生）,罗马天主教牧师（神父）修女（姐妹安娜）等等.顺便说一下,对于神父与修女的称呼注意性别.对于牧师是
Father+姓,而修女是 Sister+教名（经常就是名字）
Most conversations, however, are not carried on in formal speech situations, and so the basic decision is when to use FN to TLN.A social acquaintance or newly hired colleague of approximately the same age and rank is usually introduced on an FN basis.“Pete, I’d like you to meet Harry.”Now a problem arises if both age and rank of cone of the parties are higher：“Pete, I’d like you to meet Attorney Brown.”
可是,大多数的对话都是在非正式的情形下的,所以我们要做的就是决定事用名字呢,还是用称谓+姓氏. 新的结识 或者刚刚过来的一名年龄与级别相仿的同事,通常是用名字的.例如：皮特,我想让你认识一下哈里.当其中一方的级别和年龄都居上时候:皮特,我想让你认识一下布朗律师(TLN).
Attorney Brown may, of course, at any time signal me that he is willing to suspend the rules of address and allow an FN basis. Such a suspension is his privilege to bestow, and it is usually handled humorously, with a remark like,“I answer quicker to Bruce.” Complications arise when relative age and relative rank are not both the same. A young doctor who joins a hospital finds it difficult to address a much older doctor. They are equal in rank (and therefore FN should be used) but the great disparity in ages calls for TLN. In such cases, the young doctor can use the No-Name (NN) formula, phrasing his utterances adroitly to avoid using any term of address at all.
当然了,布朗律师随时可能向我表明他不在乎称谓的规则,他允许以第一人称被称呼.当然了这是他的权力,通常会以幽默的方式表达：叫我Bruce我反应的快些!当年龄和地位不全一样时就会非常复杂.刚到医院的年轻的医生会觉得称呼较老的医生很难拿,他们地位相同,可以用名字,但是年龄上的巨大差异又要叫他的身份.这种情况下,年轻的医生就可以用没有名字的称呼方法,灵活的调整自己的,避免任何一种称呼
English is quite exceptional among the world's languages in this respect. Most European languages oblige the speaker to choose between the familiar and formal second person singular (as in the French tu and vous), as English once did when“thou”was in use. This is the basic American system, but the rules vary according to speech situations, subtle friendship or kin relationships between the speakers, regions of the country, and so forth.
在这方面英语在所有语言中比较例外.大多数欧洲语言要求说话的人采用或者是熟悉的或者是正式的第二人称单数形式,就像英语使用thou这个词的时候一样.这就是美语体系的基础,但是根据语境的不同而不同,如微妙的朋友关系或者亲属关系,国家的不同区域,等等
Southern speech, for example, adds the formula Title plus First Name (Mr. Charlie) to indicate familiar respect. Southerners are also likely to specify kin terms (as in Cousin Jane) whereas in most of the United States FN is used for cousins. Address to strangers also alters some of the rules. A speaker usually addresses a stranger whose attire and behavior indicate higher status by saying sir. But sometimes speakers with low status address those with obviously higher status by spurning this rule and instead using Mac or buddy—as when a construction worker asks a passing executive, socially identified by his attaché case, “You got a match, buddy?”
例如,南部习惯的用法是 职称+名,表示既熟悉又尊敬.美国南方人同样的用特定的亲属关系,而美国大部分地区则只用名字. 对陌生人的称呼也有些出入.当对方的衣着举止都表明对方地位比较高时,则一般会呈对方为先生,但是有时候地位在下的人会对地位明显高的人称呼 伙计,哥们,就是表示鄙视这种规则.例如一个建筑工地的工人会对执行官说：哥们,又火儿吗?