关于虚拟语气、语法书上虚拟语气形式有had+过去分词和should+动词原形,为什么不直接说是过去完成时和将来时?是不不

关于虚拟语气、
语法书上虚拟语气形式有had+过去分词和should+动词原形,为什么不直接说是过去完成时和将来时?是不不可以看成是过去完成时和将来时?

北 京 四 中
虚拟语气
动词语气是用来表明说话人的看法和态度的.英语中的语气有三种：
⒈ 陈述语气：
表示说话人认为他所表述的是事实,可用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句,可以是肯定的、也可以是否定的.
如：
If he comes here, I shall tell him.
如果他来这里,我会告诉他.（他很可能来）
⒉ 祈使语气：
表示对说话对方的要求、命令、请求、警告等,用于祈使句中.
如：
Lock up the door.
把门锁上.（表达命令）
⒊ 虚拟语气：
表示所说的话是一种假设、主观愿望、建议、推测等.
如：
I wish he could come.
我希望他能来就好了.（表达愿望）
He suggested that we ( should ) come another day.
他建议我们改天来.（ 表建议 ）
一 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：
英语中if 从句有两种：一种是以陈述语气叙述的叫做真实条件句,说明所提出的假想是可以实现的；另一种是以虚拟语气叙述的,叫非真实条件句,说明所提出的假想实现的可能性极小或与事实相反.这种虚拟语气一般因所指的时间的不同而分三种情况：
⒈ 表示与现在事实相反：
If + 从句主语 + 动词的过去式…,主语+should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形…
（be 一般用were）
如：
①If I were you, I would go by plane.
如果我是你,我将坐飞机去.（ In fact I am not you. ）
②If he were here, he would decide what to do.
如果他在这里,他会决定做什么.（In fact he isn’t here.）
③If I had the letter at hand, I would read it.
如果我手头有这封信的话,我会读它的.（In fact I don’t have the letter at hand.）
④If she knew about it now, she would come.
如果她现在要是知道这件事的话,她会来的.（In fact she doesn’t know about it.）
⑤If he had time, he would go with you.
如果他有时间,他会同你一起去的.（In fact he is very busy, so he can’t go with you.）
⒉ 表示与过去事实相反：
If + 从句主语 + had + 过去分词…,主语+should/ would/ could/ might +have +过去分词…
如：
①If he had come here yesterday, I should have told him.
如果他昨天到这里来,我早就告诉他了.
(Fact: He did not come and I did not tell him.)
②If I had taken his advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.
如果我当时接受了他的劝告,我是不会犯那样一个错误的.
(Fact: I didn’t take his advice and I made such a mistake.)
③If I hadn’t been so busy last Monday, I would have called her.
如果我上周一不忙的话,我早就给她打电话了.
(Fact: I was busy last Monday and I didn’t call her.)
⒊ 与将来事实可能相反：
①动词的过去式…,
If + 从句主语 + ②should +动词原形…, + 主语 + should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形…
③were to +动词原形…,
如：
①If it should snow/snowed/were to snow tomorrow, I would not go out.
如果明天下雪的话,我就不出去了.
(But I know it won’t snow tomorrow.）
②If he failed/should fail/were to fail, he would try again.
如果他失败的话,他会再试一次.
(I know that most probably he won’t fail.）
③If I had time next year, I would study German.
如果我明年有时间的话,我就学德语.
(I know that most probably I won’t have time next year.)
◆ 在书面语中,有时if虚拟从句可使用倒装形式,方法是：如果if从句中含有were, had 或should时,把条件从句中的if省略,将were/ should/ had 移至主语之前.
如：
①If I were in his place, I should learn to drive.
→ Were I in his place, I should learn to drive.
如果我处于他的地位,我一定学开车.
②If it should snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
→ Should it snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雪,会议将会延期.
③If they had helped us, we would have succeeded.
→ Had they helped us, we would have succeeded.
如果他们帮助了我们,我们早就成功了.
④If it were to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
→ Were it to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
万一明天下雪的话,你怎么办.
◆ 如果从句和主句所表示的动作发生的时间不一致,例如：一个与过去事实相反,另一个与现在事实相反,动词的虚拟语气形式应根据所指的实际时间来选用.
如：
①If he were alive, he might have finished his scientific researches on the bridge-building three years ago.
如果他现在还活着,他可能三年前就完成了他的桥梁建筑科研工作了.
（从句所表示的动作与现在事实相反,主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反）
②If you had followed his advice, you would not be in trouble now.
如果你当初听从他的建议,你现在就不会陷入这种困境了.
（从句表示的动作与过去相反,主句所表示的动作与现在相反）
③If I had followed the doctor’s advice, I would be quite all right now.
如果我当时听从了医生的建议,我现在就完全恢复了健康.
（从句所表示的动作与过去相反,主句所表示的动作与现在相反）
④If I were you, I would have gone with her.
如果我是你,我早就和她一起去了.
（从句表示与现在事实相反,主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反）
◆ 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,而是通过一个介词短语来表示
如：
①We could have done better under more favourable conditions.
在更有利的条件下,我们还可以做得更好些.
②Without the warmth and light of the sun, the earth’s vegetation would die almost immediately.
如果没有太阳的热量和光,地球上的植物几乎会马上死去.
◆ 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式来表现：
如：
①I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meet.
我那天生病了,否则就参加运动会了.
②But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
要是没有碰到暴风雨,我们还会早一些到的.
③I would have written before, but I have been ill.
本来该早就给你写信的,但我生病了.
二 虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用：
wish 的各种时态都不影响从句的时态
⒈ 与现在事实相反的愿望：
wish + 从句主语+ 动词的过去式
如：
①He wishes he were a bird.
他希望自己是一只小鸟.
②I wish I were ten years younger.
真希望自己年轻十岁.
③I wish I remembered the address.
我要是记得地址就好了.
⒉ 与过去事实相反的愿望：
wish + 从句主语+ had + 动词的过去分词
如：
①She wished she had been braver then.
她真希望那时她胆子大一些.
②I wish he had gone to the exhibition.
要是他去参观展览会就好了.
③I wish you had been here yesterday.
要是你昨天在这里就好了.
④We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation.
但愿我们过去对发音注意得更多一些.
⒊ 与将来事实可能相反的愿望：
wish + 从句主语+ should/would/could/might + 动词原形
如：
①We wish that he could be with us tomorrow.
但愿他明天和我们在一起.
②I wish he would try again.
我希望他还能再试一次.
三 虚拟语气在suggest, demand, propose, command, request, desire, order, insist等动词之后的宾语从句中,表示命令和建议：
suggest/ demand/ propose/ command/ request/ desire/ order/ insist/ask(请求,要求)+(that) + sb.+ (should ) +动词原形
如：
①We suggest that the meeting (should) be postponed.
我们建议会议延期.
②They insist that he (should ) obey every command.
他们坚持他该服从命令.
③The chairman proposed that they (should) stop the meeting.
主席建议他们把会议停下来.
④The leader ordered the soldiers (should) be sent to the front at once.
那位领导人下令马上派兵上前线.
⑤They asked that arrangements (should) be made to send the comrades back to Beijing.
他们要求作好安排把这些同志送回北京.
⑥The workers demanded that their wages (should) be increased.
工人们要求增加工资.
◆suggest的主语如果不是指人,而是指某一现象时,其后的宾语从句常不表示建议,而是暗示一种情况,此时的宾语从句中不用虚拟语气（sb. should do sth. ）, 而应根据内容使用正确的时态.
如：
I suggested that the meeting (should) not be put off in spite of the rain.
我建议不要因为下雨而推迟会议.
The look on her face suggested she was sad.
她脸上的表情表明她难过.（was不能改成should be）
◆如果insist后面的宾语从句不是表示对未来某一动作的主张或要求,而是坚持过去或当时的某一事实,则其宾语从句不用虚拟语气(should do sth.), 而应根据内容使用正确的时态.
如：
He insisted we discuss the problem at the meeting.
他坚持在会议上我们要讨论这个问题.
He insisted he hadn’t spoken ill of you behind your back.
他坚持说他没有在背后说你的坏话.
四 虚拟语气在as if/though 从句中的应用：
在as if/though引导的从句中,如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况,它们所引导的表示虚拟性比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气.动词形式和wish后面的从句中动词形式变化相同.
如：
①I have loved you as if you were my son.
我喜欢你,就好像你是我的儿子.
②They were sitting there as if nothing had happened.
他们只是坐在那里就像什么事都没发生过.
③They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
他们说话很亲热就像多年的老朋友.
④I heard a noise as if someone were breathing.
我听到了声音就像有人在呼吸.
(as if从句的虚拟语气用进行时态表示与主句的动作同时发生)
◆as if/though 引导的从句有时依句意需要,也可用陈述语气,表示说话人认为有可能是事实的事
如：
①It seems as if she knows me.
似乎她认识我.（事实上她认识我的可能性很大）
②He walks as if he is drunk.
他走起路来像是喝醉了酒.（事实上他可能真的喝醉了）
五 虚拟语气在It’s (high) time…中的应用：
It’s (high) time that sb. +动词过去式/ should do sth.
如：
①It’s time that we went/should go to bed.
我们该睡觉了.
②It’s high time that we stopped/should stop this practice.
我们的确该停止这种做法了.
六 虚拟语气在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中的应用：
一般多用may 或might（口语中也可用can/could）
如：
①Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
请说得明白些,以便他们都能懂你的话.
②I lent them some money in order that they might go for a holiday.
我借给他们一些钱以便他们可以去度假.
七 虚拟语气在for fear that, lest 和in case引导的从句中的应用：
这时谓语动词多用should加动词原形
如：
①I took my umbrella with me lest it should rain.
我带上雨伞怕下雨.
②He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
他把所有的重要文件都烧毁了,怕它们会落入敌人的手中.
③Here’s some money in case you should need it.
这儿有点钱以防你需要用.
八 虚拟语气在某些表语从句和同位语从句中的应用：
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request等词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中,常用： (should) +动词原形,用来适合于说话人所表示的建议、要求、命令等语气.
如：
①Her suggestion is that we should go to help them.
她的建议是我们理应去帮助他们.（表语从句）
②The officer’s order was that the bridge be destroyed before daylight.
军官命令在拂晓前炸毁桥梁.（表语从句）
③My idea is that we send a few comrades to help the other groups.
我的意见是派几个同志去帮助别的小组.（表语从句）
④What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?
他建议在英语晚会上演一个剧,你觉得怎么样.（同位语从句）
⑤I agree with the plan that she visit London this summer.
我同意她今年夏季出访伦敦.（同位语从句）
⑥The advice that steps be taken at once sounds reasonable.
立即采取步骤的建议听起来有道理.（同位语从句）
九 在It is important/natural/necessary/strange that…的主语从句中：
(should ) + 动词原形
如：
①It is important that we (should) unite with all that can be united in the struggle.
在斗争中团结一切可以团结的人是非常重要的.
②It is necessary that I (should) return the book this morning.
今天早上我有必要还书.
③It is strange that she (should) go away without saying good-bye.
奇怪的是她不说再见就走了.
④It was quite natural that my picture (should) surprise them.
我的照片使他们吃惊是十分自然的.
十 在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposed…that…和It’s a pity that…的主语从句中：
(should) + 动词原形
如：
①It is requested that he give a performance at the party.
有人请求他在聚会上表演一个节目.
②It has been decided that the meeting be postponed till next Saturday.
已经决定会议延期到下周日.
③It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight.
希望一切在今晚准备好.
④It is a pity that he should be so conceited.
真遗憾他会这样自高自大.
(十一) 在expect, believe, think等动词的否定形式后的宾语从句中,用should + 动词原形/ 完成形式,表惊奇、怀疑等语气
如：
①I never expected that the problem should be so complicated.
我从没想过这个问题会这样复杂.
②I never thought he should refuse.
我从没想到他会拒绝.
(十二) 在if only 引导的句中：
如：
①If only I had not lost it.
我要是没丢多好呀.
②If only we had taken his advice.
我们要是听从了他的建议就好了.
③If only the letter had arrived in time.
信要是及时到就好了.
④If only he were here.
要是他在这里就好了 .
(十三)在某些表示祝愿的句子中：
谓语动词用动词原形
如：
①Long live the Communist Party of China!
中国共产党万岁!
②May the friendship between our two peoples last forever.
祝两国人民的友谊万古长青.
③May you succeed!
祝你成功!
（十四） 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态,表示说话人客气、有礼貌或语气婉转
如：
①Would you mind my smoking here?
我在这里吸烟你介意吗?
②Could you come a little earlier next time?
下次你稍微早点来好吗?
③You had better leave the matter to me.
你最好把这事交给我.
(十五)在even if 引导的让步状语从句中,表示一种假设,构成虚拟语气,其虚拟语气构成形式与if虚拟条件句相同
如：
①Even if he had been tended without delay, nothing would have saved him.
即使他受到立即治疗,也没有什么东西能救他.
②Even if I were there, I shouldn’t be able to solve the problem by myself.
即使我在那儿,我也不能自己解决这个问题.