不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生.请问这句话该怎样理解?

不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生.请问这句话该怎样理解?
请举些例子作为说明（详细）

非限定动词（也称非谓语动词）
The Verbals or The Non-finite Verbs
非谓语动词的时态与语态 非谓语的区别
非谓语动词有三种：不定式、动名词和分词（分为现在分词和过去分词）.
我们知道,一个句子只能有而且必须有一个谓语动词,如果有两个或两个以上的动词,则有可能使用非谓语动词（也有可能用并列句或从句,这些以后再讲述）.但在做这类语法题时,一定要先看句子是否已有谓语,非谓语动词在句中作什么成份,再根据句子成份区别这三种非谓语动词,而且还要考虑它们的时态与语态,以及主动形式表示被动含义的情况.我们先讲述非谓语动词的时态与语态.
非谓语动词在句中能担任除谓语外的所有句子成份,当然每种非谓语动词用法不相同,见下表：
主 谓 宾 定 状 补 同位 表
不定式 √ × √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词 √ × √ √ × × √ √
现在分词 × × × √ √ √ × √
过去分词 × × × √ √ √ × √
从上表可以看出,作动名词用的-ing形式作主、宾、表、定、同位语,而作分词用的-ing 形式作表、定、状、补语.在学习过程中有必要分清-ing是动名词还是现在分词,因为如果是动名词,那么就没有必要考虑过去分词了.
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（一）非谓语动词的时态与语态
to do的时态 to do的语态
doing的时态 doing的语态 done的用法
1、不定式（to do）的时态和语态（我们都说,构成不定式的 to 以及助动词do, does, did, will, would, shall, should和情态动词后只能接动词原形,但别忘记,这个动词原形本身也有时态和语态的变化,只是没有数的区别而已,当然它们后的第一个动词形式一定要是原形）
主动 被动
一般式 to write to be written
进行式 to be writing
完成式 to have written to have been written
完成进行式 to have been doing
从上表可以看出,如果我们认为句中的动词要用不定式,我们还得考虑该用不定式这六种形式中的哪一种.我们先来区分它的四种时态：（不定式的时态判断主要根据对比不定式动作与句子谓语动作发生的先后顺序）
不定式的时态
1）如果不定式的动作在谓语动作之后发生,就使用现在式（to+动词原形）,如：
He invited me to attend his birthday party.（邀请时,肯定还没有参加） The problem to be discussed at the next meeting will be of great importance.（下次会议讨论,即还没有发生,而这句话是在现在说出的,故讨论在主句动作后发生）
2）如果不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生,可用不定式的现在式,也可用不定式的进行式,但现在式表示这个动作已经完成,而进行式表示这个动作在谓语发生时正在进行,还没有结束.如：
I saw him enter the room.我看见他进了那间房（enter 为省略了to的不定式,to的省略后面再介绍,这句中“进”这个动作已完全发生）He is said to be doing his homework right now.有人告诉我,他正在做作业.（人们告诉我时,他的作业还没有做完）
3）如果不定式的动作发生在谓语之前,我们可使用不定式的完成式或完成进行式.但完成式强调动作已经完成,完成进行式强调“一直”,动作还有可能持续下去.对比：
I am glad to work with you. 将与你一起工作,我非常高兴.I am glad to be working with you.目前能与你在一起工作,我十分高兴（表示暂时的现象）I am glad to have worked with you.曾与你一起工作,我十分高兴（工作是以前的事,或我就要离开这个岗位了）I am glad to have been working with you.我们能一直在一起工作（并将继续在一起）,我非常高兴.（当然,不定式的完成式与完成进行式经常换用,只是强调角度不同罢了）
Oh, it's you , Tommy! I'm glad to meet you.（同时发生：用于见面时的问候语）I'm so glad to have met you; I hope we'll be able to meet again soon.（在谓语前发生：用于分手时的问候语）（另：I'm glad meeting you可指初次见面时的问候语,也可指分手时的问候语）
注意：在英语中,如表示过去未曾实现的愿望、想法、猜测等概念,即“原以为,本来要”等含义时,可用下面几种句型.如：“他们原本计划在去年结婚的,但由于种种原因,至今没能结成婚”.They had planned （也可用planned）that they would have got married last year, but they still haven't for varieties of reasons. 或：They had planned to get married last year, but...或They planned to have got married last year, but...
“昨天,我本来打算来看你的,但我家来了不速之客”.I had meant to call on you yesterday, but I had some unexpected visitors. 或 I meant to have called on you, but.
从以上例句可以看出,这种概念可用①过去完成时态＋宾语从句；②一般过去时＋宾语从句（没有第①种方式好）③过去完成时＋不定式的现在式；④一般过去时＋不定式的完成式（当然,不是所有的动词既可接宾语从句,又可接不定式的,有的动词只接宾语从句,有的只接不定式,有的两者皆可接）
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不定式的语态
接下来,我们来判断不定式的语态（看不定式前面的名词或代词是不定式动词的主语还是宾语,如果是主语,则用主动,如果是宾语,则用被动.注：①不定式与它的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语可能不紧挨在一起,可被别的词分隔开；②如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都在它前面,则只能用主动形式.如：
The problems to be discussed are on Page 107. The bridge is said to have been smoothed away by the flood last week.
注意：英语中不定式有时要用主动形式表示被含义.
1）不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面,只能用主动形式.如：
I have something important to do today, so I can't go out to play with you. (指：I will do something important.尽管Something important will be done) He gave me a book to read.(The book will be read by me.同时I will read the book.)
2）在“There be/seem/stand 等+ 主语+to do”的表示存在的句型中的不定式一般用主动形式表示被动含义（也就是说,我们可能会见到被动形式,但主动形式要好得多）.如：
There is not enough food to eat.(The food is eaten) There is no chair to sit on. (The desk is sat on)
下列句子中,只能用主动形式,自己考虑为什么?There is not enough food for us to eat. There is no chair for the guest to sit on. There is no suitable books for us middle school students to read in this library.
3）在形容词以及含有形容词的名词后的不定式中,一般用主动形式表示被动含义,如：
The work is impossible to finish in two days.(The work is finished) English is not so easy to learn.(English is learnt.)
同样地,下列句中的不定式只能用主动形式：The question is easy for you to answer. The work is impossible for us to finish in two days.
4）固定用法：“挨骂,受责备、受批评”用to blame； “（东西）出租”用to let等,如：
He is to blame for what he has done. The house is to let.
2、-ing（包括动名词和现在分词）的时态和语态：
我们先来学习一下-ing的构成方式：①一般直接在动词后加-ing；（如：fly--flying, go---going）②以不发音的-e结尾的动词,去-e再加-ing；（如：write---writing, devote---devoting）（但dye直接加-ing变为dyeing）③以-ie结尾的动词,把-ie变为-y再加-ing；（如：lie---lying, die---dying）④以一个辅音字母结尾并以重读闭音节结尾的动词,要双写这一辅音字母,再加-ing；（如：cut---cutting, get---getting）（但：个别词可不双写,如：forbid---forbidding/forbiding；有的词虽然不以重读闭音节结尾,也可以双写,如：travel---travelling/traveling）⑤以字母-c结尾的动词,加-king.（如：picnic---picnicking, clinic---clinicking）
另外,我们也来看一看动词变过去式或过去分词的方法：①不规则变化只有靠记忆了；（如：cut---cut, cut; learn---learned/learnt,learned/learnt; sleep---slept, slept; fly---flew, flown; run---ran, run等）②一般在动词后直接加-ed；（如：wish---wished, wished; expect---expected, expected）③以辅音字母＋-y结尾的动词,先将-y变为-i,再加-ed；（如：study---studied, studied; cry---cried, cried）④以-e结尾,只加-d：（如：recite---recited, recited）⑤以一个辅音字母并是重读闭音节结尾的动词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed.（如：plan---planned, planned）
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doing的时态
-ing的时态判断同样是由-ing与谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序而定：
1）-ing的动作在谓语动作之后或与谓语动作同时发生,用现在式,如：I like smoking. He suggested going camping next week. I insist on teaching him a good lesson.
2）在谓语动作之前发生的-ing动作,用完成式,如：Their having won the match encouraged us greatly.
注意：①有些动词后-ing的现在式,可以表示在谓语之前发生的动作,如：remember, forget, regret等.例句：
I remember meeting him before(=having met=to have met). How I regret not studying hard at Middle School.
②现在分词的完成式只能用作时间、原因等状语,其它情况（如作定语）就不能使用完成式.如：
Having been run over by a car, Tom couldn't go to school for a long time. Having finished his homework, he had a rest.
③如果-ing的动作在过去就已开始发生,但现在依然存在,应使用现在式,而不用完成式.如：
Knowing they are going to the countryside, they are now busy preparing for it.（做准备时也知道）
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doing的语态
-ing的语态判断与不定式一样,即如果其逻辑宾语在其前,用被动形式,如果其逻辑主语在它前,用主动形式.如： He was angry with the work not being done on time.
主 动 被 动
现在式 writing being written
完成式 having written having been written
注意：need, want, require, deserve, be worth等词后的-ing是主动形式表示被动含义（注：只要是主动表示被动的情况,它们后不应再接宾语,也不能用被动形式,如果动词为不及物,则应有相应的介词,同样介词后不能有宾语）如：
The window needs cleaning(=The window needs to be cleaned) The book is worth reading(=The book is worthy to be read)
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3、过去分词的形式：
每个动词的过去分词一般都只有一种形式（有的可能有两种,如：learnt/learned）,没有时态和语态的变化,但及物动词的过去分词一定是表示被动含义,不及物动词的过去分词表示完成概念,并强调对现在的影响和对现在造成的结果,如：The bridge built is very lovely.(=The bridge which has been built...), developed countries, fallen leaves
因此,在做有关分词的题目时,是用过去分词还是用现在分词的被动式表示被动概念,要在它们作不同句子成份时作不同的区别（过不久我们就会学到）
一般来说,不定式是表示将来的动作,-ing表示进行,过去分词表示完成（及物动词的过去分词同时还表示被动）.但这只是一般情况,根据上文所述的时态的用法可以看出,每种非谓语动词都可表示现在、过去或将来.
注意：“表被动”是指含义上为被动,而“被动语态”或“被动形式”指的是形式上为被动,我们现在应已清楚,被动含义不一定用“被动语态”或“被动形式”,过去分词就可以表示被动,不定式和-ing的主动形式有时也可表示被动.另：否定非谓语动词的否定词一定要放在各种非谓语动词结构的第一个词前面（但放在它们的逻辑主语后面）.
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（二）四种非谓语动词的用法区别
作主语 作宾语 作表语 作定语
作状语 作宾补 作同位语 复合结构
1、非谓语动词作主语（用不定式或动名词,不用分词）
1）作主语时,不定式与动名词一般可以通用.如：To study/Studying English is not so easy.
2）以下情况一般用动名词作主语：①表示一种普遍性的事情或一种经验和体会；如：Climbling mountains is very interesting. Playing chess is fun. ②There is no +doing ,如：There is no denying about this matter. There is no doubt that the earth goes round the sun. ③It is no use( no good, useless , dangerous, worth)后接doing：如；It's no use crying over spilt milk. ④要说出这个动作的逻辑主语,常用One's doing,如：His/Tom's being late made his teacher angry.
3）以下情况常用不定式作主语：①表示具体的动作（指句中有具体的时间、频率、地点、方式状语）或将来的动作；如：To learn English well in a year is not so possible.②句子使用了形式主语时；如：It is an honour to be able to work with you.③在句型“It is +形容词或名词”中,常用不定式或从句作主语,不定式的逻辑主语用for／of sb(或sth)表示；如：It is very easy to learn 10 words a day. It is wise of him not to go there. It is difficult for us to deal with him.（如果不定式前的形容词为不定式逻辑主语的性质,则用of sb,否则,用for sb）（常与of sb连用的形容词有：fine, good, right, wrong, foolish, stupid, clever, bright, wise, cruel, kind-hearted, warm-hearted等）④与疑问词连用时,如：How to divide labour among ourselves will be discussed at the meeting.
4）注意主语的形式要与表语的形式一致,如：To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.
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2、非谓语动词作宾语（用不定式或动名词,不用分词）（这一项是非谓语动词的重点所在,要记忆的也最多）
1）英语中有的词固定要用不定式作宾语：agree, ask, beg, care（喜欢.愿意）,choose, decide, desire（愿望,想）, determine/be determined（决心）, expect, fail（不能,没有）,fear, hope, long, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, swear（发誓,宣誓）, want, wish等等.如：Almost eveyone fails to pass(=fail in passing) his driver's test on the first try. He offered to help me. Her son promised to stay in the house until the mother came back.
2）下列动词常接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语,（但不定式前不能用if,表示“是否”,用whether)：advise, ask, decide, discuss, expain, find out（弄清,查明）, forget, know, learn（学会）, see（明白）, settle（解决）, show, teach, tell, think, understand, wonder等等.如：The students are discussing what to do next. She will show us where to sit.
3）在动词help后可以跟带 to 或不带 to 的不定式作宾语.如：They will help (to) build a reservoir.另：can't/couldn't help (to) do“无助于”；can't/couldn't help doing“禁不住,忍不住,情不自禁”；can't/couldn't help but do“只好”.
4）在下列动词后以及绝大多数介词后常接动名词作宾语：admit（承认）, avoid, be used to（习惯于）,get used to（习惯于）（对比be used to do sth, used to do sth）,better off（境况更好）, enjoy, appreciate, risk, miss, escape, favour（赞成,喜爱）, finish, complete, give up, feel like, have done（完成）, insist on, keep (on), leave off（停止）, look forward to, pay attention to, devote oneself to/ be devoted to, object to/ be objected to, be opposed to（反对）, see to, get down to, lead to, refer to, dance to, mind, practise, succeed in, suggest, think about/of, imagine等等.〔这类词后也可接“名词的's所有格（名词原形或代词的宾格）＋动名词”作宾语,〕如：Do you enjoy playing basketball? Would you mind my smoking? He suggested me going there. I've just finished doing my shopping. She has been looked forward to meeting her parents.
注意：①advise, allow, permit, forbid, consider, feel, can't bear/understand, call on（号召,呼吁）,depend on等词后虽然它们的主动形式后应直接加动名词作宾语,但如果它们用的是被动形式,或它们后面跟有sb/sth,则应接不定式,即它们后不能接“名词的's所有格（名词原形或代词的宾格）＋动名词”作宾语.如：He advised having an English evening. He was advised to have a