英语翻译Les Walting details a direct effect of fisheries,largely

英语翻译
Les Walting details a direct effect of fisheries,largely ignored until recently,on the marine ecosystems in which fisheries gear is deployed.Towed gears,especially trawls and dredges,are nonselective gears that do substantial and long-lasting damage to the seafloor,flattening not only biogenic structures like boulder fields,pinnacles,and seamounts.Some biogenic structures,like deep-sea corals,could take hundreds of years to cover,if at all.Even passively fishing gears like gillnets can damage habitats when they are lost.Some reef areas in the tropics are so overrun with lost gear that recovery programs have been instituted to remove this habitat-damaging gear.
Selina Heppell,Scott Heppell,Andrew Read,and Larry Crowder focus upon bycatch,particularly the unintended catch of large,long-lived species like sea turtles,seabirds,sharks,and marine mammals.Bycatch is a major consequence of nearly all fisheries,though some gears are more selective than others.Bycatch of commercially valuable species,whether as undersized juveniles of targeted stocks or as species taken in fisheries targeting other species,are of significant concern to industry and to managers.In fact bycatch reduction is a major requirement of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act.But bycatch of other species that do not have commercial value is largely ignored unless they are protected under other US legislation,including the Marine Mammal Protection Act,the Endangered Species Act,or the Migratory Bird Act.Heppell et al.explain why the life histories of long-lived species,which evolved to help these animals cope with the vagaries of oceanic life,are so disadvantageous in the presence of industrialized fishing.
Richard Law and Kevin Stokes point out that fisheries are an enormous uncontrolled selection experiment—fishing is selective,removing some kinds of individuals in preference to others.The experiment is also continuously revised as managers set new regulations such as net mesh size,catch quotas,and closed areas.These regulation determine the behavior of fishers and lead to mortality of marine organisms of particular sizes,life histories,and behaviors,As long as there is an appropriate genetic component to variation in traits under directional selection,there can be no question that marine populations evolve as a result of exploitation.New evidence suggest that strongly size-selective fisheries actually reduce the growth potential of individuals,leading to less productive populations.

莱斯沃尔廷细节渔业直接影响,在很大程度上忽略,直到最近,关于海洋生态系统的渔业齿轮部署.拖曳齿轮,特别是拖网和耙,非选择性齿轮是那些大量和长期的损害海底,不仅像巨石压扁领域,尖顶生物结构和海山.有些生物结构,如深海珊瑚,可能需要数百年来支付,如果在所有.即使像刺网渔具被动可损害时,失去栖息地.在热带地区,珊瑚礁等一些与丢失的渔具复苏方案已经制定,以消除这个栖息地,破坏齿轮超支.
周梁淑怡Heppell,斯科特Heppell,安德鲁读取和拉里克罗德集中在副渔获物,尤其是意外捕获大,寿命长的物种如海龟,海鸟,鲨鱼和海洋哺乳动物.意外捕捞是渔业的几乎所有主要的后果,虽然有些齿轮比其他人更具有选择性.商业价值的物种的副渔获物,无论是股票或有针对性的采取的针对其他渔业种矮小的青少年,是重要的关注行业和管理人员.事实上减少兼捕是马格努森渔业养护和管理的主要要求法.但其他物种不具有商业价值的副渔获物主要是被忽略,除非他们都受到美国其他法例,包括海洋哺乳动物保护法,濒危物种法案,或候鸟法.Heppell等.解释为什么长寿命的品种,发展到帮助这些动物适应海洋生活的变幻无常,在这么大的工业化捕鱼面前是很不利的.
理查德斯托克斯法和凯文指出,渔业是一个巨大的失控的筛选试验捕鱼是有选择性的,优先消除某些种类的个人优于其他.实验还不断修改为设置,如网目尺寸的新规定管理人员,渔获量配额,并禁区.这些调控确定渔民的行为,并导致对特定尺寸,生活史海洋生物死亡,行为,只要有一个适当的遗传组成部分定向选择下,在性状变异,就不会有问题,海洋种群进化由于剥削造成的.新的证据表明,强烈的大小选择性渔业实际减少对个人的成长潜力,从而导致人口生产力下降.