关于英语考试的语法做十五选十分词性的时候要怎么遇到动词的特殊形式要怎么分呢,有的非谓语动词不是可以做其他词性吗

关于英语考试的语法
做十五选十分词性的时候要怎么遇到动词的特殊形式要怎么分呢,有的非谓语动词不是可以做其他词性吗

非谓语动词用法归纳
2012年高考对非谓语动词的考查将主要集中在如下两方面：1、非谓语动词的句法功能,即其在句中所充当的成分；2、非谓语动词的一些特殊用法.
动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上,充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分,这些动词形式称为非谓语动词.
基本用法
否定形式： not +不定式,　not + 动名词,　not + 现在分词
注：1.动词不定式的一般式:所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行；
动词不定式进行式：所表示的动作正在进行；
动词不定式完成式：所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生.
2.动词ing的一般式：所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境；
动词ing的完成式：所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生.
he came here to borrow a book.
i pretended to be reading when mother came in.
she is said to have been sent to europe on business
being a student, he was interested in books.
having done his homework, he went to bed.
the question being discussed is important.
非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表：


1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作.
smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟.(抽象)
it is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好.(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验.
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的.
climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣.(经验)
driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦.(经验)
(3）不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置.
it took me only five minutes to finish the job.
动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语.
it is / was no use / good + doing sth.
it is / was not any use / good + doing sth.
it is / was of little use / good + doing sth.
it is / was useless doing sth.
it is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收.
it is of little good staying up too late every day.
每天都熬夜没有什么好处
2．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
afford, agree, arrange, choose, decide, hope, expect, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, seem
常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀：
三个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝, 设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择.
hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decide
pretend ; choose
想要拒绝命令,需要努力学习,期望同意帮助,希望决定开始.
want ; refuse ; order need; try ; learn expect ; agree ; help hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start
4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1）不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
he was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的.
the train to arrive was from london．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的.
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃.
she has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做.
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去.
i need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字.
there is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的.
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：
ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望
courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因
decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式.
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语.
john will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干.
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语.如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do
his wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了.
their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊.
he is always the first to come and the last to leave．
他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去.
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
现在分词表示主动意义,正在进行；
过去分词一般表示被动含意,状态或做完(完成)的事.

he rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子.
the child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟.
the room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室.
have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
he is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师.
3）-ing作定语 动名词①多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性可换为for+doing）
he has a reading room. a sleeping car（a car for sleeping）
现在分词②表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行,可换为定语从句;
the girl gathering flowers is beautiful.
the question being discussed now is important.
过去分词作定语有（动宾关系,表完成）即被动完成,可换为定语从句.
we can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.
(we can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )

4）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意：
作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：v –ing 和过去分词.v –ing表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成.如：
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；
do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；
do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?

过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性.
have you read the novel written by dickens ?
5．作宾补时,三者的区别
1.有些动词接不定式作宾补：（和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成；表一次性动作）
①tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb to do
he asked me to finish it in time. the teacher told me to clean the blackboard.
②feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听); have \ make\ let(三使)；see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) + sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to.
i heard him call me several times. i heard her sing the song many times. tom was made to sing.
2.有些动词接ing作宾补： feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听); have \get \ leave\keep (四使)；see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) +sb doing (强调动作主动,正在进行,或尚未完成；延续性动词)
i found her listening to the radio. i heard her singing the song when i passed her room.
3. 有些动词接过去分词作宾补：feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听); make\ let \get\ have\ leave\ keep\ (六使)；see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) +sb done （表动作被动完成,多强调状态）
speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. we found the village greatly changed.
i heard the song sung in english many times.
(3)不带to的不定式
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to：
它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）.以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语.
he was caught stealing. i’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
(注)： ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to,如：
he was seen to come．
the boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
he was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶.

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中.例如：
last night i did nothing but watch tv．昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干.
但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带.
the doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说.
there was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法.

6．不定式和分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别.
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别.分词作状语
1．分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致.
分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语.
2．分词作状语的句法功能
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等.表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出.

1）现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系.
he went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上.
not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙.
2）过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系.
given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好.
faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服.
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的.
they stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划.(伴随)
they stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划.(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件.动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因.
reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间.(原因)
reading carefully,he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西.(时间)
reading carefully,you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西.(条件)
his family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活.(结果)
we are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息.(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等.
c：不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语.

9 with复合结构的构成
with+宾语+宾语补足语,构成with复合结构,宾语可以是名词或是代词,宾语补足语可以是介词短语、过去分词、现在分词、形容词、动词不定式、副词.with复合结构在句子中作状语,表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等.且with后面的宾语与其后的宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系.
1）with+宾语+介词短语
he was asleep with his head on his arms.
2）with+宾语+过去分词（宾语与宾补之间是被动关系）
all the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
3）with+宾语+现在分词（宾语与宾补之间是主动关系）
with winter coming on,it's time to buy warm clothes.
4）with+宾语+to do（不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义）
i can't go out with all these dishes to wash.
5）with+宾语+形容词/副词
anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.