作业帮100分悬赏英文介绍牛顿生平的文章
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100分悬赏英文介绍牛顿生平的文章
要能读5分钟左右的
对牛顿的人生性格成就进行高度概括
要能读5分钟左右的
对牛顿的人生性格成就进行高度概括
牛顿的英文介绍
English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family.Luckily for humanity,Newton was not a good farmer,and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher.At Cambridge,Newton studied mathematics,being especially strongly influenced by Euclid,although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies.Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague,and it was during this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries.With the reticence he was to show later in life,Newton did not,however,publish his results.
Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679.In response to a letter from Hooke,he suggested that a particle,if released,would spiral in to the center of the Earth.Hooke wrote back,claiming that the path would not be a spiral,but an ellipse.Newton,who hated being bested,then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits.Again,he did not publish his calculations.Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside,telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993,p.403).Halley,who had become interested in orbits,finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations.Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task,and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times,Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687),often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."
In Book I of Principia,Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia,action and reaction,and acceleration proportional to force).Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism.Finally,Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics,including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion.To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation,Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter.The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed,and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided.Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal,as Newton claimed it should be,rather than prolate spheroidal,as claimed by the Cartesians.Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations,and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet.Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).
Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope.New
English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family.Luckily for humanity,Newton was not a good farmer,and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher.At Cambridge,Newton studied mathematics,being especially strongly influenced by Euclid,although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies.Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague,and it was during this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries.With the reticence he was to show later in life,Newton did not,however,publish his results.
Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679.In response to a letter from Hooke,he suggested that a particle,if released,would spiral in to the center of the Earth.Hooke wrote back,claiming that the path would not be a spiral,but an ellipse.Newton,who hated being bested,then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits.Again,he did not publish his calculations.Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside,telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993,p.403).Halley,who had become interested in orbits,finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations.Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task,and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times,Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687),often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."
In Book I of Principia,Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia,action and reaction,and acceleration proportional to force).Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism.Finally,Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics,including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion.To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation,Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter.The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed,and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided.Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal,as Newton claimed it should be,rather than prolate spheroidal,as claimed by the Cartesians.Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations,and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet.Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).
Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope.New