分词作状语和不定式作状语

分词作状语和不定式作状语
什么时候用分词什么时候用不定式?

1. 目的,结果与伴随（或连续性）
动词不定式可以表示目的作状语（或in order+不定式；so as+不定式；just+不定式等）,也可以做结果状语,而分词则不能.
现在分词可以做伴随状语（或表示连续性动作.）,不定式却无此功能.
1.1目的状语
例：（2005.福建卷）—Can the project be finished as planned?
—Sure,______ it completed in time ,we’ll work two more hours a day.
A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get
答案B.此句表示我们每天将多工作两个小时,目的是为了及时完成那项工程.分词不表示目的,故用不定式.
例：（2005.辽宁卷）—All these gifts must be mailed immediately______ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving
答案C.所有这些礼物必须马上被送走,目的是为了及时被收到过圣诞节.此题设计了动词不定式的四种形式.用一般被动式表示未来的被动动作.
例：（2005.上海卷）—It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
答案C.从“unbelievable”可知球迷在体育馆外等了三小时,只是为了看看运动明星,故不定式做目的状语.
1.2 结果状语（only+不定式表示令人失望的结果）
例：（2005.广东卷）—He hurried to the station only ______ that the train had left.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
答案A.句意为：他匆忙到达车站,未能赶上火车而感到失望.所以选不定式的一般式.
1.3 伴随状语
例 1.（2005.重庆卷）Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together,_____ fun.
A. had B. have C. to have D. having
答案D.根据句意可知,取乐是“只要我们在一起”所伴随的动作.故用分词.
例 2. (2006湖北卷) Don’t sit there _________ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing
答案C.此句中doing作sit的伴随状语.
1.4连续动作
例：（2005.全国卷）—“You can’t catch me !” — Jannet shouted,______ away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
答案B.根据题意知Jannet喊了“你抓不住我!”后跑了,喊、跑的动作连续发生.所以选分词.
2. 时间,原因,让步和条件
分词可以作时间状语；原因状语；让步状语；条件状语.
2.1时间状语
例：（2005.全国卷）—The storm left,_____ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
答案D.根据题意得知,暴风雨对此地区造成大量的破坏后离开.造成破坏发生在离开之前,而且暴风雨造成破坏,含有主动意义,所以选分词完成式,作时间状语.
例：（2005.上海）______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
答案A.根据题意可知热线在2000年4月被开通使用,热线是动作的承受者,故用过去分词短语作时间状语相当（=When the hotline was put into use in April 2000,）.
例：______ a bear coming , he fled.
A. Having seen B. Seen C. To see D. Seeing
答案D.用现在分词一般式,作状语,相当（=When he saw a bear coming,）.
例：（2005.湖南卷）______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed
答案A.此句中Dressed in a white uniform相当 ( = When he is dressed in…）的时间状语从句.用过去分词表状态.
2.2原因或理由
例：_______ my work ,I have nothing to do .
A. To have finished B. To finish
C. Having finished D. Finishing
答案C.此句分词完成式表示原因相当（=As I have finished …）.
2.3让步状语
例：______ what you say ,I can’t still believe it.
A. To admit B. Admitted C. Admitting D. Being admitted
答案C.Admitting what you say = (Though I can admit what you say)
2.4条件状语
例：______ you will find the house you want.
A. To turn to left B. Turning to left
C. Turn to left D. To have turned to left
答案B.此句中分词短语作条件状语相当（=If you turn to left…）
3． 独立句
动词不定式独立成分是用来强调自己所说内容的确切性,而分词独立片语则表示说话者所持的态度及看法.
3.1不定式独立式
例：______ , I don’t know.
A. To tell the truth B. To have told the truth
C. Being told the truth D. Having told the truth
答案A.此句相当（=In order to tell the truth that I don’t know I…）.
3.2分词独立片语
例：（2005.全国卷）______ , the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A. General speaking B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally
答案C.此句中用副词修饰分词,意为“一般的说来”,相当（=If I speak generally…）.
通过对动词不定式与分词作状语的功能辨析,要高度地重视目的、结果、时间、伴随（或连续）、条件、让步、原因（或理由）、及独立等状语的特点,弄清二者之间作状语的差异.