求英文文献求关于植物蛋白饮料的英文文献,最好能有翻译,

求英文文献
求关于植物蛋白饮料的英文文献,最好能有翻译,

Nutrients [edit]Main article:NutrientThere are six major classes of nutrients:carbohydrates,fats,minerals,protein,vitamins,and water.
These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities).The macronutrients include carbohydrates (including fiber),fats,protein,and water.The micronutrients are minerals and vitamins.
The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built,and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy.Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally,and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called "Calories" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories).Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram,while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram.,[16] though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort,which vary substantially from instance to instance.Vitamins,minerals,fiber,and water do not provide energy,but are required for other reasons.A third class of dietary material,fiber (i.e.,non-digestible material such as cellulose),is also required,[citation needed] for both mechanical and biochemical reasons,although the exact reasons remain unclear.
Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen atoms.Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose,fructose,galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch).Fats are triglycerides,made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone.Some fatty acids,but not all,are essential in the diet:they cannot be synthesized in the body.Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon,oxygen,and hydrogen.The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids,some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally.Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production,just as ordinary glucose,in a process known as gluconeogenesis.By breaking down existing protein,some glucose can be produced internally; the remaining amino acids are discarded,primarily as urea in urine.This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.
Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals,which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems.Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of,for instance,vitamins.
Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes,together with other substances,such as toxins of various sorts.Some nutrients can be stored internally (e.g.,the fat soluble vitamins),while others are required more or less continuously.Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or,in extreme cases,too much of a required nutrient.For example,both salt and water (both absolutely required) will cause illness or even death in excessive amounts.[17][18]
Carbohydrates [edit]Main article:Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates may be classified as monosaccharides,disaccharides,or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer (sugar) units they contain.They constitute a large part of foods such as rice,noodles,bread,and other grain-based products.Monosaccharides,disaccharides,and polysaccharides contain one,two,and three or more sugar units,respectively.Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates because they are typically long,multiple branched chains of sugar units.
Traditionally,simple carbohydrates were believed to be absorbed quickly,and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates.This,however,is not accurate.[19][20][21][22] Some simple carbohydrates (e.g.fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g.fructolysis) which result in only a partial catabolism to glucose,while many complex carbohydrates may be digested at essentially the same rate as simple carbohydrates.[23] Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream,which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas.
from en.wikipedia.org
中文你可以用有道词典啊 不是有鼠标下滑的功能嘛 非常方便的