作业帮麻烦了 老师
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/05/06 02:20:06
您好 老师 请帮我区别下各种时态的区别 和被动语态的用法 要详解 谢谢
解题思路： 理解
解题过程：
各种时态的比较
1. 一般现在时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2) You read very well. (强调能力）
You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）
The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）
5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）
6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）
7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）
He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）
8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）
After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）
9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）
10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）
2. 一般现在时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）
You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）
The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）
7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）
8)Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）
I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）
12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果）
I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)
3. 现在完成时与一般过去时
1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)
Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)
5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
8) He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）
9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）
You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）
10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）
He was already there.（当时在哪）
12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）
13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）
Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）
4. 过去完成时与一般过去时
1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2) I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)
I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)
5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)
Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)
6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)
7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)
They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)
8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间)
He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)
9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)
I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)
10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)
When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)
11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)
I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)
12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)
I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)
5. 过去进行时与一般过去时
1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)
5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)
John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)
6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)
7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)
8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)
9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)
6. 一般将来时与现在进行时
1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)
How long will you stay here?(表示打算)
3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)
7. 一般现在时与一般过去式
1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)
It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)
5) I never like him. (没时间性)
I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)
6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)
I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)
7) Who is that? (哪人还在)
Who was that?(人已不在场了)
8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)
This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)
8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2) I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3) He has lived here for six weeks.
e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
4) Have you met her lately?
Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)
5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)
Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)
9.一般现在时与过去完成时
1) I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)
(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
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Summary
现在完成时
现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。
1．现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2．强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.
Have you decided yet?
3．刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks
注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him?
I have visited my parents recently.
4．从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for
注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.
I have lived here since I came to this city
I have learned English since 10 years ago.
He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.
5．从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life
注意：这两句话的区别
I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)
I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)
We have learned so many things from you so far.
I have seen any bird like this in my life.
6．对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times
注意：这两句话的区别
I have been to Beijing （去过北京）
I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来〕
Have you seen tiger before?
I have been to Shanghai many times.
从上面几方面的分析， 我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法。
被动语态
基本概念
(I)被动语态的概念
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.
(II)被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：
1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p)
人们利用电能运转机器。People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.
Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn’t.
2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p)
昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.
3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p)
下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.
A sports meeting will be held next week.
Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.
4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p)
他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his
hometown.
We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren’t.
5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p)
他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t .
6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p)
当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.
7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p)
他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p)
到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。
They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn’t.
9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p)
The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.
2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won’t.
10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p)
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.
注：1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如：
You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn’t.
2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to
+be+V(p.p)”。如：
We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
3.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：
他已被检查过了。He had been being examined.
通常用He has been examined.来代替。
当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.
(III)被动语态的几种句型
将主动语态转换成被动语态，通常分以下四步进行：
1.将主动语态中的宾语转换成被动语态的主语。
2.将主动语态中的动词改为“be+V(p.p)”
3.原来主动语态中的主语，如果需要，放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现，如没有必要，可以省略。
4.主动语态中的其他句子成分不变。
由于主动语态结构的不同，因而转换成被动语态的方式也各有不同，现分类说明如下：
a.由及物动词形成的被动语态：
(1)S+V+O 主语+动词+宾语
People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
注：带有宾语从句的句子转换成被动语态时，需要将宾语从句变为主语从句，通常用形式主语来代替，而将主语从句后置。
They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.类似的还有：
It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ……
(2)S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾补
We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
注：在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动结构时应加上to作主语补足语。
奴隶们被奴隶主强迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.
(3)S+V+Oi+Od 主语+动词+间宾+直宾
昨天他给了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.
A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.
注：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词。如：to, for, of等，以加强间接宾语的语气。
b.由动词短语形成的被动语态：
一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，就可以形成被动语态。
约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.
奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
注：千万不要遗漏介词或副词。
c.祈使句的被动语态通常借助let句式
请把窗户关上。Please close the window. Let the window be closed.
(IV)被动语态的使用时机
被动语态的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表达思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。
1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。
这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。This book has been translated into many languages.
2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。
我们家乡将建一条新铁路。A new railway will be built in our hometown.
3.修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练匀称：
他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
注：被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章，新闻报道，书刊介绍及景物描写。
难点释疑
(I)被动语态与系表结构的区别：
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
1.被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般用by+物或不用。如：The tree was uprooted by the wind.（被动结构）那棵树被风连根拔起。
The tree was uprooted when we saw it.（系表结构）当我们看到那棵树时，它已经被连根拔起了。
2.系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种时态；而被动语态除了不用于完成时态外，可用于其它任何时态。
The composition has been written.这篇作文已写完了。（系表结构）
The composition is being written.这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）
3.系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。
He was very agitated.他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
4.be+不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构，如：be gone, be learned, be ashamed这些动词通常是表示状态，智力活动或心态的动词。
be+延续性动词的过去分词通常是被动语态，如：be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。
(II)主动形式表被动意义
在下列情况中，谓语形式是主动的，但具有被动的含义。
1.转化为系动词的感官动词+表语
The food tastes delicious.这种食物尝起来很可口。
The idea sounds good.这个主意听起来不错。
2.有少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，常见的有：cut, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash,wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为的状语，如：well, easily或与否定词连用构成否定句。如：
The apples sell well.这些苹果很好卖。
The door won’t shut.这门关不上。
注：含有这类动词的句子也可写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态表示现状，被动语态则侧重某一动作的发生。
The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗。
The clothes aren’t well washed.这些衣服没好好洗。
3. 某些动词以物作主语时，其进行时也可表被动意义。
The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。
The book is printing.书正在印刷中。
4.一些固定句型表示被动含义
a. be worth doing sth
The film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。
b. have/ get sb/sth done have作使役动词没有被动语态，但可用这种结构表被动或使役。
I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。
c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be done
The room needs cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。
d. to be under/in +抽象名词
The railway is under construction.这条铁路正在被修建。
e.一些不定式
（1）There be……
There are a lot of things to do.有许多工作要做。
(2)不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，且句子主语是不定式动作的执行者。
I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。
(3)动词不定式前有表性质的形容词，且动词不定式中的动词与句子主语有动宾关系。
The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。
(4)当不定式修饰buy, get, give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时
I bought him a story-book to read.我给他买了本故事书看看。
(5)在 “This(that) is +名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动。
This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。
(III)主动语态不能改成被动语态的情况
1.有些动词虽是及物动词，但由于表示的是状态或关系，通常不用于被动语态，常见的这类动词有leave, enter, reach, resemble, suit, lack, benefit等。
这男孩像他爸爸。The boy resembles his father.
2.不可拆开的短语动词如：take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等短语动词。
台湾属于中国。Taiwan Island belongs to China.
3.宾语是a.反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词等。
b.虚词it,如foot it, cab it等。
c.身体的某一部分如shake one’s head等。
d.某些抽象名词等，如：interest等。
被动语态专项语法应试
I. Multiple choice
1. No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the building.(MET 88)
A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving
2. I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(MET 89)
A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
3. The police found that the house ___ and a lot of things ___.(MET90)
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
4. ---Have you moved into the new house?
--- Not yet, the rooms ___.(MET 91)
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted
5. As we joined the big crowd I got ___ from my friends.(NMET 2001)
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ___ by the hour.(NMET 98)
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
7. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place, have been set up
B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up
D. were taken place, were set up
8. The suit’s finished, ___ it?
A. doesn’t B. isn’t C. hasn’t D. has
9. The surface of the table ___ smooth enough.
A. hasn’t felt B. doesn’t feel C. isn’t feeling D. isn’t felt
10. Such plants never ___ in this part of the world.
A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown
11. These kinds of shoes ___ well.
A. were not sold B. won’t be sold C. are not sold D. don’t sell
12. Text books ___ to come in time.
A. require B. required C. are required D. are requiring
13. When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners ___.
A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating
14. Don’t get that ink on your shirt, for it ___.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washing C. isn’t washing out D. doesn’t wash out
15. Tom ___ to work in the office though he didn’t like serving there.
A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted
16. He said he wouldn’t mind ___ at home.
A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone
17. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.
A. have been married to B. have married with
C. has bee n married D. had married with
18. The TV play ___ last night.
A. was tired out me B. tired out me C. was tired me out D. tired me out
19. I remember ___ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.
A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying
20. In front of the hall color flags were ___.
A. hunged B. hanged C. hang D. hanging
Answers:1—5 ABDAA 6—10 CBBBC 11—15 DCBAB 16—20 BADBD
最终答案：略
解题过程：
各种时态的比较
1. 一般现在时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2) You read very well. (强调能力）
You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）
The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）
5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）
6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）
7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）
He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）
8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）
After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）
9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）
10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）
2. 一般现在时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）
You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）
The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）
7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）
8)Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）
I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）
12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果）
I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)
3. 现在完成时与一般过去时
1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)
Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)
5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
8) He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）
9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）
You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）
10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）
He was already there.（当时在哪）
12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）
13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）
Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）
4. 过去完成时与一般过去时
1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2) I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)
I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)
5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)
Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)
6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)
7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)
They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)
8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间)
He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)
9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)
I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)
10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)
When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)
11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)
I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)
12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)
I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)
5. 过去进行时与一般过去时
1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)
5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)
John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)
6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)
7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)
8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)
9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)
6. 一般将来时与现在进行时
1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)
How long will you stay here?(表示打算)
3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)
7. 一般现在时与一般过去式
1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)
It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)
5) I never like him. (没时间性)
I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)
6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)
I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)
7) Who is that? (哪人还在)
Who was that?(人已不在场了)
8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)
This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)
8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2) I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3) He has lived here for six weeks.
e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
4) Have you met her lately?
Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)
5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)
Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)
9.一般现在时与过去完成时
1) I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)
(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
现在完成时
现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。
1．现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2．强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.
Have you decided yet?
3．刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks
注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him?
I have visited my parents recently.
4．从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for
注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.
I have lived here since I came to this city
I have learned English since 10 years ago.
He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.
5．从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life
注意：这两句话的区别
I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)
I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)
We have learned so many things from you so far.
I have seen any bird like this in my life.
6．对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times
注意：这两句话的区别
I have been to Beijing （去过北京）
I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来〕
Have you seen tiger before?
I have been to Shanghai many times.
从上面几方面的分析， 我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法。
被动语态
基本概念
(I)被动语态的概念
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.
(II)被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：
1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p)
人们利用电能运转机器。People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.
Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn’t.
2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p)
昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.
3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p)
下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.
A sports meeting will be held next week.
Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.
4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p)
他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his
hometown.
We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren’t.
5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p)
他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t .
6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p)
当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.
7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p)
他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p)
到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。
They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn’t.
9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p)
The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.
2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won’t.
10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p)
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.
注：1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如：
You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn’t.
2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to
+be+V(p.p)”。如：
We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
3.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：
他已被检查过了。He had been being examined.
通常用He has been examined.来代替。
当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.
(III)被动语态的几种句型
将主动语态转换成被动语态，通常分以下四步进行：
1.将主动语态中的宾语转换成被动语态的主语。
2.将主动语态中的动词改为“be+V(p.p)”
3.原来主动语态中的主语，如果需要，放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现，如没有必要，可以省略。
4.主动语态中的其他句子成分不变。
由于主动语态结构的不同，因而转换成被动语态的方式也各有不同，现分类说明如下：
a.由及物动词形成的被动语态：
(1)S+V+O 主语+动词+宾语
People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
注：带有宾语从句的句子转换成被动语态时，需要将宾语从句变为主语从句，通常用形式主语来代替，而将主语从句后置。
They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.类似的还有：
It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ……
(2)S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾补
We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
注：在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动结构时应加上to作主语补足语。
奴隶们被奴隶主强迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.
(3)S+V+Oi+Od 主语+动词+间宾+直宾
昨天他给了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.
A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.
注：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词。如：to, for, of等，以加强间接宾语的语气。
b.由动词短语形成的被动语态：
一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，就可以形成被动语态。
约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.
奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
注：千万不要遗漏介词或副词。
c.祈使句的被动语态通常借助let句式
请把窗户关上。Please close the window. Let the window be closed.
(IV)被动语态的使用时机
被动语态的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表达思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。
1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。
这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。This book has been translated into many languages.
2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。
我们家乡将建一条新铁路。A new railway will be built in our hometown.
3.修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练匀称：
他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
注：被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章，新闻报道，书刊介绍及景物描写。
难点释疑
(I)被动语态与系表结构的区别：
所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。
1.被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般用by+物或不用。如：The tree was uprooted by the wind.（被动结构）那棵树被风连根拔起。
The tree was uprooted when we saw it.（系表结构）当我们看到那棵树时，它已经被连根拔起了。
2.系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时这四种时态；而被动语态除了不用于完成时态外，可用于其它任何时态。
The composition has been written.这篇作文已写完了。（系表结构）
The composition is being written.这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）
3.系表结构中的过去分词可被very修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。
He was very agitated.他很激动。（系表结构）
He was much agitated by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）
4.be+不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构，如：be gone, be learned, be ashamed这些动词通常是表示状态，智力活动或心态的动词。
be+延续性动词的过去分词通常是被动语态，如：be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。
(II)主动形式表被动意义
在下列情况中，谓语形式是主动的，但具有被动的含义。
1.转化为系动词的感官动词+表语
The food tastes delicious.这种食物尝起来很可口。
The idea sounds good.这个主意听起来不错。
2.有少数及物动词转化而来的不及物动词，常见的有：cut, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash,wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为的状语，如：well, easily或与否定词连用构成否定句。如：
The apples sell well.这些苹果很好卖。
The door won’t shut.这门关不上。
注：含有这类动词的句子也可写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态表示现状，被动语态则侧重某一动作的发生。
The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗。
The clothes aren’t well washed.这些衣服没好好洗。
3. 某些动词以物作主语时，其进行时也可表被动意义。
The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。
The book is printing.书正在印刷中。
4.一些固定句型表示被动含义
a. be worth doing sth
The film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一看。
b. have/ get sb/sth done have作使役动词没有被动语态，但可用这种结构表被动或使役。
I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。
c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be done
The room needs cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.这间房屋需要打扫。
d. to be under/in +抽象名词
The railway is under construction.这条铁路正在被修建。
e.一些不定式
（1）There be……
There are a lot of things to do.有许多工作要做。
(2)不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，且句子主语是不定式动作的执行者。
I have a lot of things to do.我有许多事情要做。
(3)动词不定式前有表性质的形容词，且动词不定式中的动词与句子主语有动宾关系。
The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答。
(4)当不定式修饰buy, get, give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时
I bought him a story-book to read.我给他买了本故事书看看。
(5)在 “This(that) is +名词”的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表被动。
This is a hard question to answer.这是个很难回答的问题。
(III)主动语态不能改成被动语态的情况
1.有些动词虽是及物动词，但由于表示的是状态或关系，通常不用于被动语态，常见的这类动词有leave, enter, reach, resemble, suit, lack, benefit等。
这男孩像他爸爸。The boy resembles his father.
2.不可拆开的短语动词如：take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等短语动词。
台湾属于中国。Taiwan Island belongs to China.
3.宾语是a.反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，动名词等。
b.虚词it,如foot it, cab it等。
c.身体的某一部分如shake one’s head等。
d.某些抽象名词等，如：interest等。
被动语态专项语法应试
I. Multiple choice
1. No permission has ___ for anybody to enter the building.(MET 88)
A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving
2. I ___ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(MET 89)
A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given
3. The police found that the house ___ and a lot of things ___.(MET90)
A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen
C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen
4. ---Have you moved into the new house?
--- Not yet, the rooms ___.(MET 91)
A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted
5. As we joined the big crowd I got ___ from my friends.(NMET 2001)
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ___ by the hour.(NMET 98)
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
7. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place, have been set up
B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up
D. were taken place, were set up
8. The suit’s finished, ___ it?
A. doesn’t B. isn’t C. hasn’t D. has
9. The surface of the table ___ smooth enough.
A. hasn’t felt B. doesn’t feel C. isn’t feeling D. isn’t felt
10. Such plants never ___ in this part of the world.
A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown
11. These kinds of shoes ___ well.
A. were not sold B. won’t be sold C. are not sold D. don’t sell
12. Text books ___ to come in time.
A. require B. required C. are required D. are requiring
13. When the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners ___.
A. had seated B. were seated C. seated D. were seating
14. Don’t get that ink on your shirt, for it ___.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washing C. isn’t washing out D. doesn’t wash out
15. Tom ___ to work in the office though he didn’t like serving there.
A. wanted B. was wanted C. was wanting D. had wanted
16. He said he wouldn’t mind ___ at home.
A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone
17. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.
A. have been married to B. have married with
C. has bee n married D. had married with
18. The TV play ___ last night.
A. was tired out me B. tired out me C. was tired me out D. tired me out
19. I remember ___ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.
A. to be paid B. being paid C. to pay D. paying
20. In front of the hall color flags were ___.
A. hunged B. hanged C. hang D. hanging
Answers:1—5 ABDAA 6—10 CBBBC 11—15 DCBAB 16—20 BADBD
最终答案：略