英语翻译一：The American system of criminal procedure is “adversar

英语翻译
一：
The American system of criminal procedure is “adversarial”,with the burdens of evidence production and proof resting with the state,specifically with the prosecutor,not the judge.The judge functions as an impartial arbiter.Obstacles to the gathering and presentation of evidence have developed to prevent the state from abusing the criminal process.The common understanding is that the state has an overwhelming advantage over the accused in a criminal proceeding and that procedural protections are necessary to give the accused a fair chance to defend.In addition,some believe that the criminal process is an area in which there may be a tendency for the government unfairly to extend its power over people.The Bill of Rights has the primary vehicle to counteract these tendencies.
二：
Litigation is often described as a game.Litigation are like players and judges like umpires.The litigation game is competitive and is often thoughts to have winners and losers.Its rules,like those of many other games,are difficult to understand in the abstract.They are given life and meaning by the experience of the game itself.Thus,the more we understand the phenomenon of civil litigation,the easier it will be to understand civil procedure.Litigation differs from most games,however,in at least two important respects.First,most games exist for the pleasure they give to participants.In contrast,the litigation game carries a heavy burden of justification.A second difference between litigation and most games is that games are usually not of central importance to society.In contrast,the plaintiff may be forced to play the litigation game in order to recover from a setback in life.
三：
The field of torts embrace a group of civil wrongs,other than breach of contract,that interfere with person,property,reputation,or commercial or social advantage.While such an act,such as an assault,may sometimes be both a crime punishable by the state in a criminal prosecution and also a tort actionable by the victim in a suit for damages,the criminal prosecution and the damage action are quite separate and unrelated proceedings.The essential purpose of the law of torts is compensatory and,though punitive damages may occasionally be awarded,its function is distinct from that of criminal law.Conversely,criminal law is essentially punitive and an injured party is not awarded compensation in the criminal proceeding.

一：
美式制度的刑事诉讼程序,是"对抗性" ,而负担的证据,生产和举证休息与国家,特别是与检察官,而不是法官.法官的职能作为一个公正的仲裁者.障碍,以收集和出示证据的发展,以防止国家滥用刑事程序.共同的理解是,国家已经以压倒性的优势超过了被告在刑事诉讼程序,而且程序上的保护是必要给予被告一个公平的机会来捍卫.此外,有些人认为,在刑事诉讼过程是一个在这方面有可能是一个趋势,为政府,不公平,以扩大其权力的人.人权法案的主要手段,以抵制这些倾向.
二：
诉讼常常被形容为一场比赛.诉讼都是一样的球员和法官一样,裁判员.诉讼游戏是一种竞争,并且常常思考,有赢家和输家.其议事规则,就像许多其他游戏,是很难理解在抽象的.草案赋予他们的生命和意义所经历的比赛本身.因此,我们越是了解这一现象的民事诉讼,越能理解民事诉讼程序.诉讼不同于大多数游戏,但是,在至少有两个重要的方面.首先,大部分游戏存在的乐趣,他们给参加者.相比之下,诉讼游戏带有沉重负担的理由.第二个区别诉讼和大多数游戏就是游戏通常不是中央社会具有重大意义.相反,原告可能被迫扮演游戏诉讼,以追讨从挫折中生活.
三：
该领域的侵权行为,树立了一批民事过失,除违反合约的行为,干扰人,财产,名誉,或商业或社会优势.而这种行为,如殴打,有时可能是一个犯罪惩罚的,由国家在刑事起诉中,又是侵权的行为提起诉讼,由被害人在诉讼损害赔偿,刑事起诉和破坏行动是两回事无关诉讼.主要目的的侵权行为法是补偿性,虽然惩罚性赔偿有时还可能会批出的,其功能是有别于刑法.反过来说,刑法,基本上是惩罚,受害方是不是赔偿的,在刑事诉讼过程中.