英语翻译翻译1：Many government jurisdictions also have licensing pr

英语翻译
翻译1：Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass an examination,Similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer,before they can actively start on their careers.
2：Many great buildings built in earlier ages are still in existence and in use.Among them are the 万神庙 and the 罗马斗兽场 in Rome,圣索菲教堂 in Istanbul;the Gothic churches of France and England,and theRenaissance cathedrals,with their great domes,like the Duomo in Florence and St.Peter's in Rome.They are massive structures with thick stone walls that counteract the thrust of their great weight.Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts.
3:Highway surveying techniques have been revolutionized during the past decade due to the rapid development of electronic equipment and computers.These techniques can be grouped into three general categories:conventional ground surveys,remote sensing,and computer graphics.
4:Concrete is strong in compression,but weak in tension:its tenslie strength varies form 8 to 14 percent of its compressive strength.Due to such a low tensile capacity,flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading.In order to prevent such cracks form developing,a concentric or eccentric force is imposed in the longitudinal direction of the structral element.This force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably reducing the tensile stresses at the critical midspan and support sections at service load,thereby raising the bending,shera,and torsional capacities of the sections.The sections are then able to behave elastically,and almost the full capacity of the concrete in compression can be efficiently utilized across the entire depth of the concrete sections when all loads act on the structre.

、1.许多政府也主管部门设定了职业资格许可程序,要求工程专业毕业生在开始职业生涯之前,必须通过考试,就类似于律师要通过职业考试一样.
2、许多早期建造的伟大建筑仍然屹立不倒并投入使用之中.它们中有万神庙、罗马斗兽场、伊斯坦布尔的圣索菲亚教堂、法国和英国哥特式教堂、文艺复兴时期兴建的教堂,和拥有巨大穹顶的弗洛伦萨的教堂和罗马的圣彼得大教堂.它们拥有厚厚的石墙砌成的巨大结构,抵消了它们巨大重量所产生的推力.推力是建筑物中的一部分对另一部分所施加的压力.
3、公路测量技术的变革得益于电子技术和电脑的快速发展.这些技术由三个方面组成：便捷的地面测量技术,遥感,计算机制图.
4、混凝土抗压但是不抗拉伸；它的拉伸长度可以达到压缩长度的8%到14%左右.由于差的抗拉伸性能,混凝土在早期的载重时候会出现弯曲裂缝.为了避免这样的裂缝继续发展,一个同心或偏心的力量施加到结构单元的水平方向上去.这种力依靠消除或相对减少在重要的跨距中点和支撑截面产生的拉伸力 从而避免了裂缝进一步发展,因此提升了弯曲度,改善了了截面的扭曲性能.这些截面有弹性,当所有的负重力施加于建筑物之上时,在混凝土截面的整个高度之中混凝土的耐压性能可以得到有效利用.