英语翻译To ensure that no data is used for the extrapolation,tha

英语翻译
To ensure that no data is used for the extrapolation,that is still
influenced by a changing ploughing force (which is the case for
large ratios of rn/t),force values of cutting tests with an uncut chip
thickness t above 0.06 mmwere considered only.The extrapolated
values of the ploughing force components in the direction of
cutting FPl,c and in the direction of feed motion FPl,f are represented
in Fig.4 for the cutting edge radii tested.
For ploughing cutting force and ploughing feed force values FPl,c
and FPl,f a linear fitting was accomplished.The resulting equations
and coefficients of determination R2 are depicted in Fig.4,too.The
different slope of these two functions implies that the direction of
ploughing force changes with increasing cutting edge radius.
The extrapolated forces for a perfectly sharp tool (cutting
edge radius rn = 0) are not zero.Titanium possesses a low
Young’s modulus which can cause excessive deflection of the
surface being machined,leading to a spring back of material
behind the cutting edge.Interpreting the ploughing force data,
such a material deflection also occurs for ideal sharp tools in
machining titanium.
By knowing the direction andmagnitude of the ploughing force
Fpl it is now possible to determine the average coefficients of
friction m on the tool–chip interface.For this purpose the
ploughing force is subtracted from the total force F according
to [4].As a result direction and magnitude of the force acting on
the face,the chip forming force FCh,can be deduced.According to
Fig.1,the coefficient of friction m on the face can be determined
by:
m ¼
sin g \3 FCh;c þ cos g \3 FCh;f
cos g \3 FCh;c \4 sin g \3 FCh;f
(1)
The direction of the chip forming force can also be deduced from
the slope of the measured curves given in Fig.5.
The figure shows the recorded feed forces against cutting forces
at different feeds f using different cutting edge radii rn.The
direction of the chip forming force FCh and thus the friction on the
tool face corresponds to the slope of that part of the curve,where
the curvature approaches zero.It can be noticed that the slope rises
with increasing cutting edge radius (df,10 < df,50).Thus,the
coefficient of friction on the tool-chip interface is apparently
dependent on the cutting edge radius in machining Ti–6Al–4V.The
calculated coefficients of frictions,using Eq.(1),are presented in
Table 2 for the different cutting edge radii.
4.2.Influence of cutting speed vc on ploughing force FPl and on
coefficient of friction m
Fig.6 shows the active force values and their components for
machining at cutting speeds vc of 10,30,70 and 110 m/min.Illustrated are the forces for machining with cutting edge radii rn of
10 mm and 40 mm using feeds f of 0.06 mm and 0.1 mm.

To ensure that no data is used for the extrapolation,that is still
influenced by a changing ploughing force (which is the case for
large ratios of rn/t),force values of cutting tests with an uncut chip
thickness t above 0.06 mmwere considered only.The extrapolated
values of the ploughing force components in the direction of
cutting FPl,c and in the direction of feed motion FPl,f are represented
in Fig.4 for the cutting edge radii tested.
为了确保数据不被用于外插,而外插仍然被变化的ploughing力（对于大比率m/t情况即是如此）影响,仅考虑未切割缺口厚度t在0.06以上的切割试验力值.对于试验的刃口半径,Ploughing力在切割方向的分力FPI,c和进给运动方向的分力FPI,f的外插值在图4中表示.
For ploughing cutting force and ploughing feed force values FPl,c
and FPl,f a linear fitting was accomplished.The resulting equations
and coefficients of determination R2 are depicted in Fig.4,too.The
different slope of these two functions implies that the direction of
ploughing force changes with increasing cutting edge radius.
The extrapolated forces for a perfectly sharp tool (cutting
edge radius rn = 0) are not zero.Titanium possesses a low
Young’s modulus which can cause excessive deflection of the
surface being machined,leading to a spring back of material
behind the cutting edge.Interpreting the ploughing force data,
such a material deflection also occurs for ideal sharp tools in
machining titanium.
对于ploughing切割力和ploughing进给力值FPI,c和FPI,f,完成线性配合.图4描绘了形成的等式和确定系数R2.两个函数的不同坡度暗示,ploughing力的方向随刃口半径增加而变化.完美的锋利工具的外插力（刃口半径rn=0）不为零.钛的杨氏模量低,会引起加工表面过分偏斜,引起刃口后的材料回弹.解释ploughing力数据,机加工钛时,理想的锋利工具也存在这样的材料偏斜.
By knowing the direction andmagnitude of the ploughing force
Fpl it is now possible to determine the average coefficients of
friction m on the tool–chip interface.For this purpose the
ploughing force is subtracted from the total force F according
to [4].As a result direction and magnitude of the force acting on
the face,the chip forming force FCh,can be deduced.According to
Fig.1,the coefficient of friction m on the face can be determined
by:
已知ploughing力FpI的方向和量级以后,现在可能可以确定工具-缺口衔接处的平均摩擦系数m.为此,按照[4],从总力F中减去ploughing力.从而,可以推导出作用在表面力的方向和量级,缺口成形力Fch.根据图1,表面的摩擦系数m可以通过如下确定：
m ¼
sin g FCh;c t cos g FCh;f
cos g FCh;c sin g FCh;f
(1)
The direction of the chip forming force can also be deduced from
the slope of the measured curves given in Fig.5.
缺口成形力的方向也可根据图5给出的测得曲线坡度推到而出.
The figure shows the recorded feed forces against cutting forces
at different feeds f using different cutting edge radii rn.The
direction of the chip forming force FCh and thus the friction on the
tool face corresponds to the slope of that part of the curve,where
the curvature approaches zero.It can be noticed that the slope rises
with increasing cutting edge radius (df,10 < df,50).
该图表明了使用各个刃口半径rn,不同进给（这里也可以译为进刀）f时的记录进给力和切割力.缺口成形力Fch的方向和工具表面的摩擦力与该部分曲线的坡度对应,其曲率接近零.可以注意到,刃口半径增大（df,10