作业帮 > 综合 > 作业

英语常用语法

来源:学生作业帮 编辑:作业帮 分类:综合作业 时间:2024/05/22 03:32:04
英语常用语法
1. 名词

名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等.普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等.普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun.
2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family.
3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air.
4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work.
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns).归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
_______________________________________
| |专有名词 | |
| 名 | | 个体名词 | |
| | | | 可数名词 |
| | | 集体名词 | |
| |普通名词 | | |
| 词 | | 物质名词 | |
| | | | 不可数名词|
| | | 抽象名词 | |
一、名词性从句
名词性从句主要分为四大类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.
主语从句
1.that引导的主语从句
that引导的主语从句既可以放在句首也可以放在句末,在实际应用中我们常常采用it形式主语的形式.
例句:That he passed the English test is true. 千真万确,他通过了英语考试.
→It is true that he passed the English test.
2.形式主语的四个主要句型
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句
例:It is a pity that…可惜的是
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question等.
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
例:It is certain that… 很肯定
可应用于此句型的形容词还有clear / better / natural / important 等.
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
例:It is said that…据说
可应用于此句型的过去分词还有believed / known / reported等.
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
例:It seems that…好像是
可应用于此句型的不及物动词还有happen / appear 等.
3.wh-引导的主语从句
例句:Where we will go hasn’t been decided. 我们要去哪儿还没定下来.
宾语从句
1.that引导的宾语从句
that常用来引导宾语从句,通常that可以省略.
例句:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海.
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,that从句常用“(should) + 动词原形”的结构(参考“虚拟语气”部分).
2.wh-引导的宾语从句
例句:I want to know what he has told you.
我想知道他告诉了你什么.
3.形容词后面所跟的宾语从句
某些动态形容词(afraid、confident、aware、certain、sure、doubtful等)在句中做表语时,后面可跟宾语从句.
例句:I am confident that I can get the job.
我有信心我可以得到这份工作.
表语从句
1.that引导的表语从句
基本结构:主语 + 系动词 + that从句
例句:The fact is that we have lost the game.
事实是我们已经输了这场比赛.
2.wh-疑问词引导的表语从句
例句:That is why I tell you the news..
那就是我为什么告诉你这个消息的原因.
3.从属连词as if、because、just as等引导的表语从句
例句:It is because I have ever heard of the story.
那是因为我曾经听说过这个故事.
同位语从句
同位语从句通常由that引导
可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等.
例句:The news that we won the game is exciting.
我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动.
二、定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词

关系词
修饰先行词
例句

关系代词
that
人 / 物
Do you know the man that / who is talking to my brother?
你认识和我哥哥聊天的那个人吗?

which

The book that / which I borrowed from John is very interesting.
我从John那借来的书很有趣儿.

who

I don’t know the man that / who is waiting for you at the gate.
我不认识在大门口等你的人.

whom

The man that / whom you met in the supermarket is Tom’s father.
你在超市遇见的那个人是Tom的父亲.

whose
人 / 物
Do you know the man whose wife is injured in a car accident?
你认识那个在车祸中妻子受伤的人吗?

关系副词
when
时间
I will never forget the day when I met you.
我永远忘不了我遇见你的那一天.

where
地点
That is the school where I have studied for 6 years.
那就是我学习了六年的学校.

how
方式
I have forgot the way how to get to the railway station.
我已经忘了去火车站的路.

why
原因
That is the reason why he didn’t come.
那就是他没来的原因.

that和which引导定语从句的区别
1.不用that的情况
(1)在引导非限定性定语从句时
例句:He can speak English fluently,which impressed me most.
他的英语讲得很流利,给我留下了深刻印象.
(2) 介词后不能用
例句:This is the house in which I have lived for 2 years.
这就是我居住了两年的房子.
2.只能用that引导定语从句的情况
(1)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, something, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which.
例句:There is nothing that we can use.
这里没什么我们可用的东西.
(2)先行词有no, the only, the very, some修饰时,只用that.
例句:This is the very man that I want to meet.
这正是我要见的人.
(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时,只用that..
例句:That is the most important thing that I want to know.
那是我想知道的最重要的事.
三、状语从句
状语从句的分类及各种连词
分类
连词
例句

时间状语从句
after, before, as soon as, since, when, till, while等
I was reading when he entered the room.
当他进来的时候我正在读书.

地点状语从句
Where, wherever等
I have put the book where it was.
我已经把书放在原位了.

原因状语从句
because, as, since, for等
I don’t want to go because I am tired of any party.
我不想去因为我已经厌倦了任何宴会.

条件状语从句
if, unless, as long as, so long as等
If you have known the news, please tell me now.
如果你已经知道了这个消息,请现在告诉我.

让步状语从句
though,although,however等
I will not trust you although you have told me the truth.
尽管你已经告诉了我真相,我也不会信任你的.

结果状语从句
so that,so…that…, such…that…等
He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him.
他跑得如此之快,以至于没人能跟上他.

目的状语从句
so that, in order that等
I must leave now so that I can catch the last bus.
我必须立刻离开以便我能赶上末班车.

方式状语从句
as, just as, as if, as though等
We should do as the teacher told us.
我们应该按照老告诉我们的去做.

比较状语从句
as…as…, not so…as, than等
This house is bigger than that one.
这所房子比那所房子大.
名词性从句考点:(1)连词的选择;(2)主句与从句时态的呼应;(3)同位语从句与定语从句的区别;(4)wh- 与wh-ever 的区别;(4)that在名词性从句中的省略问题;(5)名词性从句的语序问题
状语从句考点:(1)主句与从句的时态呼应问题;(2)连接词的选择(注意区别几组连接词:while / as / when引导时间状语从句;because / since / as / for引导原因状语