作业帮英语翻译Many of the projects or products made in the machine sho
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/05/06 05:28:59
英语翻译
Many of the projects or products made in the machine shop have little or no value until they are heat-treated.This article includes only the most elementary information about the heat treatment of steel.Heat treatment can also be done on many of the nonferrous metals such as aluminium,copper and brass.The procedures are different,however,and will not be considered here.
Hardening淬火Hardening is a process of heating and cooling steel to increase its hardness and tensile strength,to reduce its ductility,and to obtain a fine grain structure.The procedure includes heating the metal above its critical point or temperature,followed by rapid cooling.As steel is heated,a physical and chemical change takes place between the iron and carbon.The critical point,or critical temperature,is the point at which the steel has the most desirable characteristics.When steel reaches this temperature—somewhere between 1,400 and 1,600℉(degrees Fahrenheit )—the change is ideal to make for a hard ,strong material if it is cooled quickly .If the metal cools slowly,it changes back to its original state.By plunging the hot metal into water,oil,or brine盐水(quenching),the desirable characteristics are retained.The metal is very hard and strong and less ductile than before.
Heating is done in a furnace fired by gas,oil,or electricity.A device called a pyrometer is attached to the furnace.This accurately registers the exact temperature in the furnace (Fig.3-1).The temperature of the metal can also be determined by observing its colour.You can make use of the colours when heat-treating simple metal parts and tools.Colours are not very accurate,however.Even the expert heat-treater will be off as much as 20℉ from the true temperature.
The hardening procedure is:
Light the furnace,and allow it to come to the right temperature.
Place the metal in the furnace,and heat it to the critical temperature.For carbon tool steel,allow about 20 to 30 minutes per inch of thickness for coming up to heat .Allow about 10 to 15 minutes per inch of thickness for soaking at hardening temperature.
Select the correct cooling solution.Some steels can be cooled in water,and others must be cooled in oil or brine.Water is the most widely used material for quenching carbon steels because it is inexpensive and effective.Brine is usually made by adding about 9 percent of common salt to the water .Brine helps to produce a more uniform hardness.The brine cools the parts all over more quickly.Oil is used for a somewhat slower speed of quenching.Most oils used for quenching are mineral oils.
Remove the hot metal with tongs,and plunge it into the cooling solution .Agitate so that the metal cools quickly and evenly.If it is a thin piece (like a knife or blade),cut the cooling solution with the object so it won’t warp.If one side cools faster than the other,there will be some warping.
A properly hardened piece of steel will be hard and brittle and have high tensile strength.It will also have internal strain.If left in this state,these internal strains could cause the metal to crack.
Reading
“Fasteners” is a general term including such widely separated and varied materials as nails,screws,nuts and bolts,locknuts and washers,retaining rings,rivets,and adhesives,to mention but a few.
Fasteners are of many different types.Some fasteners,like nuts,bolts and washers,have been in use for years.Other fasteners,such as rivnuts and retaining rings,are fairly new in the field.A large number of different fasteners are used in most products.
Many of the projects or products made in the machine shop have little or no value until they are heat-treated.This article includes only the most elementary information about the heat treatment of steel.Heat treatment can also be done on many of the nonferrous metals such as aluminium,copper and brass.The procedures are different,however,and will not be considered here.
Hardening淬火Hardening is a process of heating and cooling steel to increase its hardness and tensile strength,to reduce its ductility,and to obtain a fine grain structure.The procedure includes heating the metal above its critical point or temperature,followed by rapid cooling.As steel is heated,a physical and chemical change takes place between the iron and carbon.The critical point,or critical temperature,is the point at which the steel has the most desirable characteristics.When steel reaches this temperature—somewhere between 1,400 and 1,600℉(degrees Fahrenheit )—the change is ideal to make for a hard ,strong material if it is cooled quickly .If the metal cools slowly,it changes back to its original state.By plunging the hot metal into water,oil,or brine盐水(quenching),the desirable characteristics are retained.The metal is very hard and strong and less ductile than before.
Heating is done in a furnace fired by gas,oil,or electricity.A device called a pyrometer is attached to the furnace.This accurately registers the exact temperature in the furnace (Fig.3-1).The temperature of the metal can also be determined by observing its colour.You can make use of the colours when heat-treating simple metal parts and tools.Colours are not very accurate,however.Even the expert heat-treater will be off as much as 20℉ from the true temperature.
The hardening procedure is:
Light the furnace,and allow it to come to the right temperature.
Place the metal in the furnace,and heat it to the critical temperature.For carbon tool steel,allow about 20 to 30 minutes per inch of thickness for coming up to heat .Allow about 10 to 15 minutes per inch of thickness for soaking at hardening temperature.
Select the correct cooling solution.Some steels can be cooled in water,and others must be cooled in oil or brine.Water is the most widely used material for quenching carbon steels because it is inexpensive and effective.Brine is usually made by adding about 9 percent of common salt to the water .Brine helps to produce a more uniform hardness.The brine cools the parts all over more quickly.Oil is used for a somewhat slower speed of quenching.Most oils used for quenching are mineral oils.
Remove the hot metal with tongs,and plunge it into the cooling solution .Agitate so that the metal cools quickly and evenly.If it is a thin piece (like a knife or blade),cut the cooling solution with the object so it won’t warp.If one side cools faster than the other,there will be some warping.
A properly hardened piece of steel will be hard and brittle and have high tensile strength.It will also have internal strain.If left in this state,these internal strains could cause the metal to crack.
Reading
“Fasteners” is a general term including such widely separated and varied materials as nails,screws,nuts and bolts,locknuts and washers,retaining rings,rivets,and adhesives,to mention but a few.
Fasteners are of many different types.Some fasteners,like nuts,bolts and washers,have been in use for years.Other fasteners,such as rivnuts and retaining rings,are fairly new in the field.A large number of different fasteners are used in most products.
许多在机械车间制造的产品或进行的项目要在经过热处理后才有价值,本文论述的是钢热处理的最基本的内容.热处理也适用于非铁金属如铝铜黄铜.然而其过程有所不同在此不加论述.淬火的过程是加热钢然后冷却,目的在于增加硬度和拉伸度,降低韧度.得到良好的颗粒结构.这个过程包括将金属加热过其临界点温度,然后快速冷却.钢在加热过程中,铁与碳之间发生化学反应与物理反应.临界点,换句话,临界温度 指的是钢在这个点性能最符合要求. 当钢的温度达到华氏1400度到1600度之间时,经过快速冷却,其变化适宜制造出坚韧的金属.如果慢速冷却,就会恢复到原来的状态.通过快速把高温金属浸入水,油或盐水中(熄灭),理想的特性就保存了下来.金属就很硬很结实,塑性比以前更低.
加热的过程是在气炉或油炉或电炉中进行的.一个名叫高温计的装置附属于高温炉,这准确地记录了炉内的准确温度.(图3_1),观察金属的颜色也能确定金属的温度.在对一些简单的金属部件进行热处理时也可以利用颜色观察.然而颜色观察并不准确,即使热处理专家的观察也会有华氏20度的误差.
淬火的过程是:点燃炉膛,使其达到适当的温度,把金属放进炉膛,将其加热到临界温度,对于碳工具钢,每一英寸的厚度应保温20到30分钟,在淬火温度浸水时每一英寸厚度保持10到15分钟.
挑选正确的冷却溶液,一些钢可以在水里冷却,其它的则必须在油或盐水里冷却.对于碳素钢,水是使用最多的材料,因为水廉价有效.盐水是按9%的比例兑成.盐水有助于获得更一致的硬度.盐水冷却部件的速度更快.油适用于回火速度更慢的情况.
用火钳把高温金属从炉中移出,快速插进冷却溶液中,搅动它以便金属冷却快且均匀.如果该金属较薄,如刀或刀刃, 用该物体切削冷却液以防卷刃.如果刃的一面比另一面受热不均匀,卷刃的现象就会出现.
问题补充:
经过适当淬火的金属体会是坚硬,富有脆性,并且有较高的拉伸度.还具有内应变?.如果保持在这种状态中,这些内应变特点会导致金属脆裂.
"Fastener" 扣件是一个一般用词包括广泛分离的各种各样的材料,如钉子,螺丝,螺帽和螺栓, 锁紧螺母和垫圈,护环,铆钉和粘着剂 等等.
扣件具有不同的种类,有些扣件,如螺栓 ,垫圈使用年限很长,其他扣件,如铆钉,护环在这一区域很新.大多数产品中使用大量的不同的扣件.
加热的过程是在气炉或油炉或电炉中进行的.一个名叫高温计的装置附属于高温炉,这准确地记录了炉内的准确温度.(图3_1),观察金属的颜色也能确定金属的温度.在对一些简单的金属部件进行热处理时也可以利用颜色观察.然而颜色观察并不准确,即使热处理专家的观察也会有华氏20度的误差.
淬火的过程是:点燃炉膛,使其达到适当的温度,把金属放进炉膛,将其加热到临界温度,对于碳工具钢,每一英寸的厚度应保温20到30分钟,在淬火温度浸水时每一英寸厚度保持10到15分钟.
挑选正确的冷却溶液,一些钢可以在水里冷却,其它的则必须在油或盐水里冷却.对于碳素钢,水是使用最多的材料,因为水廉价有效.盐水是按9%的比例兑成.盐水有助于获得更一致的硬度.盐水冷却部件的速度更快.油适用于回火速度更慢的情况.
用火钳把高温金属从炉中移出,快速插进冷却溶液中,搅动它以便金属冷却快且均匀.如果该金属较薄,如刀或刀刃, 用该物体切削冷却液以防卷刃.如果刃的一面比另一面受热不均匀,卷刃的现象就会出现.
问题补充:
经过适当淬火的金属体会是坚硬,富有脆性,并且有较高的拉伸度.还具有内应变?.如果保持在这种状态中,这些内应变特点会导致金属脆裂.
"Fastener" 扣件是一个一般用词包括广泛分离的各种各样的材料,如钉子,螺丝,螺帽和螺栓, 锁紧螺母和垫圈,护环,铆钉和粘着剂 等等.
扣件具有不同的种类,有些扣件,如螺栓 ,垫圈使用年限很长,其他扣件,如铆钉,护环在这一区域很新.大多数产品中使用大量的不同的扣件.
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