我知道有点长...Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting

我知道有点长...
Four legal approaches may be followed in attempting to channel technological development in socially useful direction:specific directives,market incentive modifications,criminal prohibitions,and changes in decision-making structures.Specific directives involve the government’s identifying one or more factors controlling research,development,or implementation of a given technology.Directives affecting such factors may vary from administrative regulation of private activity to government ownership of a technological operation.Market incentive modifications are deliberate alterations of the market within which private decisions regarding the development and implementation of technology are made.Such modifications may consist of imposing taxes to cover the costs to society of a given technology,granting subsidies to pay for social benefits of a technology,creating the right to sue to prevent certain technological development,or easing procedural rules to enable the recovery of damages to compensate for harm caused by destructive technological activity.Criminal prohibitions may modify technological activity in areas impinging on fundamental social values,or they may modify human behavior likely to result from technological applications—for example,the deactivation of automotive pollution control devices in order to improve vehicle performance.Alteration of decision-making structures includes all possible modifications in the authority,constitution,or responsibility of private and public entities deciding questions of technological development and implementation.Such alterations include the addition of public-interest members to corporate boards,the imposition by statute of duties on governmental decision-makers,and the extension of warranties in response to consumer action.

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要使技术朝社会有用的方向发展,有四个法律途径：具体指令,市场刺激改进,罪犯防止,以及改变决策机构.具体指令包括在一项新技术研究,发展和应用时,政府对其影响因素的认识.影响这些因素的指令在行政法规,个体行为,和政府所有权的技术操作上不同.市场刺激改进是对市场的有意改变,从而使市场包含个体对技术的发展、实施所作的决定.这类改进包括：通过征税,来弥补新技术消耗的社会成本；通过发放补贴,来鼓励使社会受益的技术；通过起诉权,来阻止一些技术的发展；通过放宽程序法规,来有效的弥补技术活动带来的损失.犯罪防止,是对冲击基本社会价值的技术活动,加以改进,或改进受科技运用影响的人类活动.比如,为了提高汽车性能,移除汽车污染控制设备.改变决策机构包括：在权利部门和宪法中,对决定技术发展及实施的个体、公共部门进行可行的改进.这种改进包括：在董事会添加公共利益的成员,依法对政府决策者进行征税,和为保证消费活动延长保修期限.