the different table manners between west and east

the different table manners between west and east
英语专业毕业论文 有关的中西方餐桌礼仪差别的 全篇是英语的 段落的和长篇篇幅的都可以、尽量要新的 中文的也可以以但是要求要有内容的中文

American table manners
[edit] Table Layout
* Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right.
* Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.
[edit] General Behavior
* Chew with your mouth closed.
* Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.
* Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table.
* Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time.
* Do not make unbecoming noises while eating.
* Do not play with food or table utensils.
* Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners.
* Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch.
* Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table.
* Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating.
* Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.
[edit] Utensils
* Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc.
* The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette)
* The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth.
* The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward.
* When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl.
* Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap
* When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands.
* When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show.
* Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)
[edit] Dining
* A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1].
* Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon.
* When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you.
* When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right.
* Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon.
* Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either.
* Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.
[edit] At the end of the meal
* It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate.
* When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done.
* Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.
[edit] British table manners
* The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right.
* You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards.
* If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right.
* When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself.
* It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers.
* If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served.
* Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left.
* When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it.
* You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served.
* When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished.
* Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely.
* Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess.
* It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside.
* Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return.
* If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again.