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现在完成时的标志

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老师,现在完成时的标志是什么??如何分辨及运用,请老师列举一二!
解题思路: 现在完成时常和for+一段时间,already, ever, never, just, yet, in the past few years/ over the last thirty years, so far, up to now, since 1980等状语连用。
解题过程:
现在完成时
1.现在完成时的构成:助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词
注:has 用于第三人称单数,have 用于其他所有人称。
2.现在完成时的用法:
(1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just,already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。例如:
① I have never heard of that before.
② Have you ever ridden a horse?
③ She has already finished the work.
④ Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.
⑤ I’ve just lost my science book.
有时没有时间状语;多是一般疑问句。
(2)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状语连用。 如:for和since,以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。
① I haven’t seen her these days.
② She has learnt English for 3 years.
③ They have lived here since 1990.
④ What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用。
(3)现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,例如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
(4) have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别:
★have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地,说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。
★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地,说话时此人在那里,或可能在路上,反正不在这里。
试比较:
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。
(人已回来,可能在这儿)
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。
(人已走,不在这儿)。

A:
现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成,并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。
结构:助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词
用法: 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days,today,this year,so far等连用.
eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)
2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.
解析: 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×)
I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ )
It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be
borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear
leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep
end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold
join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years.
→My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to,gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never等连用.
eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)
gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,
eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示现在她人不在这里)
been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days,since I came here等连用.
eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等连用.
一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系.
5.现在完成时中的 for 与 since
for + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用
since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
6. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了.
eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
最终答案:略