一个关于语法成分的问题,英语

一个关于语法成分的问题,英语
句子：The elements were opposed to them,a heavy rain falling the whole of the night and drenching them to the skin.
疑问：主要是a heavy rain falling the whole of the night这里.“a heavy rain falling”和“the whole of the night”是什么关系?中间怎么能不用介词,比如during,来连接呢?那“the whole of the night”在这里算个啥成分?能给我详细点说下这个,举些类似用法的句子吗?

句子：The elements were opposed to them, a heavy rain falling the whole of the night and drenching them to the skin.
疑问：主要是a heavy rain falling the whole of the night这里.“a heavy rain falling”和“the whole of the night”是什么关系?中间怎么能不用介词,比如during,来连接呢?那“the whole of the night”在这里算个啥成分?能给我详细点说下这个,举些类似用法的句子吗?
the whole of night =作时间状语,意思一整个晚上,终夜；通宵；通夜
例如
She coughed the whole night.
她咳了一晚上.
the whole night
英 [ðə həul nait] 美 [ði hol naɪt]
终夜；通宵；通夜
1.The wolf clawed at the tree and howled the whole night.
这匹狼用爪子挠着树,嚎叫了整晚.
2. She had been up the whole night with rheumatic aches.
她因风湿痛整夜未眠.
3. She coughed the whole night.
她咳了一晚上.
4. They played cards the whole night through.
他们通宵打牌.
5. He slept the whole night through.
他睡了一整夜.
再问： 那除了这个，the whole week/year/month都是可以名词作状语的？除了时间，有没有其它名词做状语的情况？
再答： 那除了这个，the whole week/year/month都是可以名词作状语的？除了时间，有没有其它名词做状语的情况？

名词用在不及物动词后面作状语，例如

It weighs nearly 27 kilos (about 65 pounds).
它重近27千克(约65磅)。
This little ball of gold weighs a quarter of an ounce.
这个小金球重0.25盎司。

measure +名词 意思长度为...多少
动词距离(或长度、宽度、数量等)为
The house is more than twenty metres long and measures six metres in width.
这座房子长20多米，宽6米。
This hand-decorated plate measures 30cm across.
这只手工绘制的盘子直径为30厘米。
Their paddock measures 24 metres square.
他们的围场为24米见方

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