英语翻译商务英语内容,Often a company’s pricing goals for a product var

英语翻译
商务英语内容,
Often a company’s pricing goals for a product vary over time,depending on the product’s stage in its life cycle.During the introductory phase,the objective might be to recover development costs quickly as possible.To achieve this goal,the manufacturer might charge a high initial price— a practice known as skimming — and then drop the price later,when the product is no longer a novelty and competition heats up.Alternatively,a company might try to build sales vilume by charging a low initial price,a practice known as penetration pricing.The objective would be to reach a high volume of sales quickly in order to achieve economies of scale and reduce per-unit costs.This approach might have the added advantage of discouraging competitors,because the low price limits the profit potential for everyone.
Later,during the maturity phase,the goal might be to attract additional customers or to maximize the cash provided by the product.As the product enters its decline,the company’s objective might be to get out of the business quickly.To accomplish this,it might establish a low price that will clear out the inventory.
Every company must translate its own particular objectives into specific prices for specific products.To do so,it must first analyze its costs,since costs establish the minimum acceptable price.To survive over the long term,the company must charge a price that will cover the cost incurred in producing and selling the product.
Two types of costs are associated with producing a product:fixed costs and variable costs.Fixed costs — including rent payment,utility bills,insurance premiums,and administrative expenses — are not affected by the number of products sold.Regardless of whether a company sells 10 units or 100 units,the rent on the building must be paid on time.Variable costs,on the other hand,do depend on the volume sold.They include raw materials,labor used in production,and supplies consumed during production.The total cost of operating the business is the sum of the fixed and variable costs.
In general,costs decline as volume increases.The more units you produce,the lower the cost per unit tends to be,since the fixed costs are spread over a larger number of units.In addition,as you produce more units,you achieve economies of sale in production,distribution,and promotion.Also,as employees become more skilled at their jobs,production and marketing costs decline even more.This phenomenon,referred to as the experience curve,gives companies an incentive to price their products relatively low in order to build volume

人工翻译：
一个公司的定价目标往往根据产品在其生命周期中所处阶段而随着时间变化.在导入市场的阶段,目标可能是尽快回收研发成本.为了达到这个目标,制造商可能会采取一种被称为高额定价的方法,即索取高额的最初成本,然后等到该产品已经不再新奇,并且竞争激烈起来时降价.或者,一个公司可能会采用提高最初价位的方式增加销售量,这是一种叫做渗透定价法的手段.制造商可以通过快速达到高销量来实现经济效益并降低单位成本.这种方式对处于不利地位的竞争者更为有利,因为低价限制了每个人的潜在利润.
然后,在产品的成熟期,目标可能是吸引更多客户和将产品收益最大化.当产品进入衰退期,公司就想尽快摆脱这笔生意.为了达到这个目的,他们可能会开出足以清空库存的低价.
每家公司都必须将自己特定的目标转化成明确的定价和现实的产品.而要这样做,他必须首先分析成本,因为成本决定了最低的可接受价位.为了长期生存,公司必须收取一个可以抵消产销成本的价格.
生产产品与两种成本有关：固定成本和变动成本.固定成本——包括租金,物业账单,保险费和广告支出——不会被售出产品的数量影响.无论一家公司卖出了10单位或是100单位,房租都必须按时交纳.另一方面,变动成本由销量决定.它们包括原料,使用的劳动力,生产中的物料消耗.开展这笔生意的总消耗是固定成本和变动成本之和.
总的来说,成本随着销量增加而减少.你生产越多的单位,每单位的成本就趋于降低,因为固定成本被大量单位分摊了.并且,在你增加产量的过程中,你在生产,分配和提升的过程中实现了规模生产（sale疑为scale）.而且,随着工人熟练程度的增加,生产和市场成本更多地下降.这种被称作经验曲线的现象,鼓励了商家用相对低的定价来打开销量