英语翻译一、全息技术的发展简介全息照相技术是1948年英国科学家丹尼斯·伽伯(Dennis Gabor)为改善电子显微镜

英语翻译
一、全息技术的发展简介
全息照相技术是1948年英国科学家丹尼斯·伽伯(Dennis Gabor)为改善电子显微镜成像质量提出的重现波前的理论,并因此获得了诺贝尔奖.但当时由于缺乏纯净的能够相互干涉的光,全息图的质量很差.直到十二年以后的1960年,激光器问世,美国密执安大学的埃梅蒂·利斯与朱里斯·尤佩尼克拍成了第一张全息相片,全息技术才有了蓬勃快速的发展.
1948年,伽伯为提高电子显微镜的分辨率,在布拉格的“x射线显微镜”、泽尼克的相衬原理的启示下,提出了一种用光波记录物光波的振幅和相位的方法,并用实验证实了这一想法.为了进一步证实其原理,他先后采用电子波与可见光进行了验证,并在可见光中得到了证实,同时制成了第1张全息图.从那时起至20世纪5O年代末期,全息图都是用汞灯作为光源,而且是参考光与物光共轴的共轴全息即同轴全息图.它与4-1级衍射波是分不开的,这是全息术的萌芽时期.这个时期全息图存在2个严重问题,一个是再现的原始像与共轭像分不开；另一个是光源的相干性太差,因此在这10多年中,全息术进展缓慢.
离轴全息术是在激光器出现以后产生的用激光记录激光再现的全息术,其特点是获得的物体重现像与照明光分离,易于观察.
1960年激光的出现,提供了一种高相干度光源.1962年,美国科学家利思(Leith)和乌帕特尼·克斯(Upatnieks)将通信理论中的载频概念推广到空域中,提出了离轴全息术,就是用离轴的参考光与物光干涉形成全息图,再利用离轴的参考光照射全息图,使全息图产生3个在空间互相分离的衍射分量,其中一个复制出原始物光.这样,同轴全息图两大难题宣告解决,产生了激光记录、激光再现的全息图.从而使全息术在沉睡了十几年之后得到了新生并进入了一个极为活跃的阶段.此后,又相 继出现了多种全息方法,如大景深全息照相法、激光记录与激光再现的彩色全息照相法等.
白光全息术是利用白光制作全息图,用激光或白光照明观察再现,这是全息术的最高阶段,至今虽有不少人做了一些初步工作,但尚未有突破性进展.激光的高度相干性,要求全息拍摄过程中各个元件、光源和记录介质的相对位置严格保持不变.这也给全息技术的实际使用带来了种种不便.于是,科学家们又回过头来继续探讨白光记录白光再现全息图的可能性.它将使全息术最终走出有防震工作台的黑暗实验室,进入更加广泛的实用领域 .

A holographic technology Introduction
Holographic technology is 1948 British scientist Dennis Jiabo (Dennis Gabor) to improve the electron microscope imaging quality reproduction made by the theory of wave front, and has received a Nobel Prize. However, since the lack of pure light can interfere with each other, the poor quality of the hologram. Until twelve years later in 1960, the advent of lasers, the University of Michigan and Zhu Ai Meidi Leese Rhys Youpeinike made into a first holographic photos, holographic technology have a vigorous and rapid development.
In 1948, Jiabo to improve the resolution of electron microscopy, in Prague the "x-ray microscope," Zernike phase contrast, inspired by the principle, we propose a recording object wave with wave amplitude and phase of the method, and the experimental confirmed this idea. To further confirm the principle, he has used the electron wave and visible verified, and has been confirmed in the visible, and into the first hologram 1. From then until the late 20th century, 5O, holograms are used mercury lamp as the light source, and the reference light and the object light of the shaft being coaxial coaxial holographic hologram. It 4-1 order diffracted waves are inseparable, it is holography infancy. During this period there is a hologram two serious problems, one is a reproduction of the original image and conjugated as inseparable; another source of coherence is bad, so in the past 10 years, holography has been slow.
Off-axis holography there is generated after the laser recording laser reproducing laser holography, characterized by reproduction of the object image obtained with the illumination light is separated, easy to observe.
The emergence of the laser in 1960, provides a high degree of coherence light. 1962, U.S. scientists Leith (Leith) and upa Courtenay · Alex (Upatnieks) to the carrier frequency of communication theory concept to the airspace, the proposed off-axis holography, the reference is to use off-axis light and matter a hologram interference of light, and then irradiated with light using off-axis hologram of the reference, the hologram produces three spatially separated from each other diffracted components, wherein a copy of the original object light. Thus, the coaxial two problems declared resolved holograms, laser recording generated laser hologram reproduction. So that holography sleeping after a decade to get a new life and entered a very active phase. Since then, they have appeared in a variety of holographic methods, such as large depth of field holographic radiography, laser recording and reproducing color laser holographic photographic method and so on.
White is the use of white light holography holograms produced by laser or white light observation reproduction, which is the highest stage of holography, although many people still do some preliminary work, but no breakthrough. The highly coherent laser, the hologram recording process of the various components, the light source and the recording medium is strictly maintained the same relative position. It also gives practical use of holographic technology has brought inconvenience. Thus, scientists have come back to continue to explore the white white reproduction of hologram recording possibilities. It will make the final out of a shock holography dark laboratory bench into the broader practical fields.