拒绝有道,谷歌直接翻译,需要语句通顺

拒绝有道,谷歌直接翻译,需要语句通顺
Cuscuta salina (saltmarsh dodder, Convolvulaceae) is a leafless holoparasite found primarily in salt marshes of coastal western North America, inland salt flats, and occasionally alkaline meadows (Flowers, 1934 ; Yuncker, 1965 ; Vogl, 1966 ; Beliz, 1986 ) and is an ideal species for studies on environmentally mediated host predisposition to parasitic attack. Traditional explanations of the patterns of distribution and zonation of C. salina have cited the co-occurrence of halophytic Chenopodiaceae species (especially Salicornia spp.) and C. salina as strongly suggestive of host preference for members of this highly salt-tolerant family. Beliz (1986) believes that this association may be easily explained by the low diversity of vegetation in saltmarshes (i.e., by default, C. salina must grow on Chenopods) rather than by specialization on Salicornia and related species. In support of this view, dense stands of Salicornia individuals, the purported "preferred host" of C. salina, are sometimes entirely free of dodder infection (Vogl, 1966 ), implicating instead a direct or indirect effect of environmental constraints on dodder distribution (Cummins and Deutschman, 2000 ; St. Omer, 2001 ). Although salinity variation across saltmarsh areas is mentioned in many descriptions of C. salina distribution, salts and other soil factors are unlikely to act directly on dodders except during seed germination and during a brief seedling stage, after which soil contact is lost and attached dodder seedlings become completely dependent on their host for nutrients as well as water. Salt and other dissolved ions may, however, act indirectly on the growth rate of this dodder by altering the initial susceptibility and subsequent suitability of hosts to parasitic attack, via one or more of the mechanisms described earlier. If saltmarsh dodder is indeed a "stress specialist," it may be possible to better explain why dodder is excluded from certain parts of the salt marsh even though suitable and preferred host species (e.g., Salicornia spp.) may be found growing there (Pennings and Callaway, 1996 ).
Alternatively, habitat restriction of C. salina may be related to factors unassociated with host preference and host suitability. Mature fruit of Cuscuta species typically remain tightly adhered to the host stem and would likely remain attached to broken parts of hosts that are deposited in wrack, the redeposited plant material that is important in saltmarsh plant recruitment (Ellison, 1987 ). Dodder fruit also tend to float (C. B. Purrington, personal observation). These avenues of water-dependent dispersal (hydrochory), as well as marsh-to-marsh dispersal by birds (ornithochory), may be very important in saltmarsh dodder distribution and zonation, as has been hypothesized for riparian-associated dodder species (Burkart, 2001 ).

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